Improve let-expression examples (#680)

Because I did not understand what a `Let Expression` should be and the example code was more confusing as explanatory, I changed the format of the examples a little bit and changed the result.

- It should be clear that the example is just one code-line
- I tried out the example (`pkl eval...`) and get a little bit different result

.circleci/config.pkl

@@ -132,8 +132,7 @@ jobs {
     name = "gradle compatibility"
     command = #"""
       :pkl-gradle:build \
-        :pkl-gradle:compatibilityTestReleases \
+        :pkl-gradle:compatibilityTestReleases
-        :pkl-gradle:compatibilityTestCandidate
       """#
   }.job
   ["deploy-snapshot"] = new DeployJob { command = "publishToSonatype" }.job

.circleci/config.yml

@@ -610,8 +610,7 @@ jobs:
     - run:
         command: |-
           ./gradlew --info --stacktrace -DtestReportsDir=${HOME}/test-results :pkl-gradle:build \
-            :pkl-gradle:compatibilityTestReleases \
+            :pkl-gradle:compatibilityTestReleases
-            :pkl-gradle:compatibilityTestCandidate
         name: gradle compatibility
     - store_test_results:
         path: ~/test-results

DEVELOPMENT.adoc

@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ For automated build setup examples see our https://github.com/apple/pkl/blob/mai
 
 === ANTLR
 
-* https://github.com/antlr/antlr4/blob/main/doc/index.md[Documentation]
+* https://github.com/antlr/antlr4/blob/master/doc/index.md[Documentation]
 * https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/antlr-discussion[Forums]
 * https://github.com/mobileink/lab.clj.antlr/tree/main/doc[Some third-party docs]
 

docs/antora.yml

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 name: main
 title: Main Project
-version: 0.26.0-dev
+version: 0.26.3
-prerelease: true
+prerelease: false
 nav:
 - nav.adoc

docs/modules/ROOT/partials/component-attributes.adoc

@@ -3,10 +3,10 @@
 // the following attributes must be updated immediately before a release
 
 // pkl version corresponding to current git commit without -dev suffix or git hash
-:pkl-version-no-suffix: 0.26.0
+:pkl-version-no-suffix: 0.26.3
 // tells whether pkl version corresponding to current git commit
 // is a release version (:is-release-version: '') or dev version (:!is-release-version:)
-:!is-release-version:
+:is-release-version: ''
 
 // the remaining attributes do not need to be updated regularly
 

docs/modules/language-reference/pages/index.adoc

@@ -915,6 +915,7 @@ pigeon = new Dynamic { // <1>
 ==== Hidden Properties
 
 A property with the modifier `hidden` is omitted from the rendered output and object conversions.
+Hidden properties are also ignored when evaluating equality or hashing (e.g. for `Mapping` or `Map` keys).
 
 [source,{pkl}]
 ----
@@ -933,12 +934,19 @@ pigeon = new Bird { // <3>
 pigeonInIndex = pigeon.nameAndLifespanInIndex // <4>
 
 pigeonDynamic = pigeon.toDynamic() // <5>
+
+favoritePigeon = (pigeon) {
+  nameAndLifespanInIndex = "Bettie, \(lifespan)"
+}
+
+samePigeon = pigeon == favoritePigeon // <6>
 ----
 <1> Properties defined as `hidden` are accessible on any `Bird` instance, but not output by default.
 <2> Non-hidden properties can refer to hidden properties as usual.
 <3> `pigeon` is an object with _four_ properties, but is rendered with _three_ properties.
 <4> Accessing a `hidden` property from outside the class and object is like any other property.
 <5> Object conversions omit hidden properties, so the resulting `Dynamic` has three properties.
+<6> Objects that differ only in `hidden` property values are considered equal
 
 Invoking Pkl on this file produces the following result.
 
@@ -955,6 +963,12 @@ pigeonDynamic {
   lifespan = 8
   nameSignWidth = 9
 }
+favoritePigeon {
+  name = "Pigeon"
+  lifespan = 8
+  nameSignWidth = 9
+}
+samePigeon = true
 ----
 
 ==== Local properties
@@ -1992,7 +2006,8 @@ pigeon: ParentBird = new {
 [[methods]]
 == Methods
 
-Modules and classes can define methods.
+Pkl methods can be defined on classes and modules using the `function` keyword.
+Methods may access properties of their containing type.
 Submodules and subclasses can override them.
 
 Like Java and most other object-oriented languages, Pkl uses _single dispatch_ -- methods are dynamically dispatched based on the receiver's runtime type.
@@ -2021,6 +2036,12 @@ greeting2 = greetPigeon(parrot)  // <4>
 <3> Call instance method on `pigeon`.
 <4> Call module method (on `this`).
 
+NOTE: Methods do not support named parameters or default parameter values.
+The xref:blog:ROOT:class-as-a-function.adoc[Class-as-a-function] pattern may be a suitable replacement.
+
+TIP: In most cases, methods without parameters should not be defined.
+Instead, use <<fixed-properties,`fixed` properties>> on the module or class.
+
 [[modules]]
 == Modules
 
@@ -3156,6 +3177,7 @@ pkl: TRACE: num1 * num2 = 672 (at file:///some/module.pkl, line 42)
 
 This section discusses language features that are generally more relevant to template and library authors than template consumers.
 
+<<meaning-of-new,Meaning of `new`>> +
 <<let-expressions,Let Expressions>> +
 <<type-tests,Type Tests>> +
 <<type-casts,Type Casts>> +
@@ -3179,6 +3201,162 @@ This section discusses language features that are generally more relevant to tem
 <<blank-identifiers,Blank Identifiers>> +
 <<projects,Projects>>
 
+[[meaning-of-new]]
+=== Meaning of `new`
+
+Objects in Pkl always <<amending-objects, amends>> _some_ value.
+The `new` keyword is a special case of amending where a contextual value is amended.
+In Pkl, there are two forms of `new` objects:
+
+* `new` with explicit type information, for example, `new Foo {}`.
+* `new` without type information, for example, `new {}`.
+
+==== Type defaults
+
+To understand instantiation cases without explicit parent or type information, it's important to first understand implicit default values.
+When a property is declared in a module or class but is not provided an explicit default value, the property's default value becomes the type's default value.
+Similarly, when `Listing` and `Mapping` types are declared with explicit type arguments for their element or value, their `default` property amends that declared type.
+When `Listing` and `Mapping` types are declared without type arguments, their `default` property amends an empty `Dynamic` object.
+Some types, including `Pair` and primitives like `String`, `Number`, and `Boolean` have no default value; attempting to render such a property results in the error "Tried to read property `<name>` but its value is undefined".
+
+[source,{pkl}]
+----
+class Bird {
+  name: String = "polly"
+}
+
+bird: Bird // <1>
+birdListing: Listing<Bird> // <2>
+birdMapping: Mapping<String, Bird> // <3> 
+----
+<1> Without an explicit default value, this property has default value `new Bird { name = "polly" }`
+<2> With an explicit element type argument, this property's default value is equivalent to `new Listing<Bird> { default = (_) -> new Bird { name = "polly" } }`
+<3> With an explicit value type argument, this property's default value is equivalent to `new Mapping<String, Bird> { default = (_) -> new Bird { name = "polly" } }`
+
+==== Explicitly Typed `new`
+
+Instantiating an object with `new <type>` results in a value that amends the specified type's default value.
+Notably, creating a `Listing` element or assigning a `Mapping` entry value with an explicitly typed `new` ignores the object's `default` value.
+
+[source,{pkl}]
+----
+class Bird {
+  /// The name of the bird
+  name: String
+
+  /// Whether this is a bird of prey or not.
+  isPredatory: Boolean?
+}
+
+newProperty = new Bird { // <1>
+  name = "Warbler"
+}
+
+someListing = new Listing<Bird> {
+  default {
+    isPredatory = true
+  }
+  new Bird { // <2>
+    name = "Sand Piper"
+  }
+}
+
+someMapping = new Mapping<String, Bird> {
+  default {
+    isPredatory = true
+  }
+  ["Penguin"] = new Bird { // <3>
+    name = "Penguin"
+  }
+}
+----
+<1> Assigning a `new` explicitly-typed value to a property.
+<2> Adding an `new` explicitly-typed `Listing` element.
+The value will not have property `isPredatory = true` as the `default` property of the `Listing` is not used.
+<3> Assigning a `new` explicitly-typed value to a `Mapping` entry.
+The value will not have property `isPredatory = true` as the `default` property of the `Mapping` is not used.
+
+==== Implicitly Typed `new`
+
+When using the implicitly typed `new` invocation, there is no explicit parent value to amend.
+In these cases, Pkl infers the amend operation's parent value based on context:
+
+* When assigning to a declared property, the property's default value is amended (<<amend-null, including `null`>>).
+If there is no type associated with the property, an empty `Dynamic` object is amended.
+* When assigning to an entry (e.g. a `Mapping` member) or element (e.g. a `Listing` member), the enclosing object's `default` property is applied to the corresponding index or key, respectively, to produce the value to be amended.
+* In other cases, evaluation fails with the error message "Cannot tell which parent to amend".
+
+The type annotation of a <<methods,method>> parameter is not used for inference.
+In this case, the argument's type should be specified explicitly.
+
+[source,{pkl}]
+----
+class Bird {
+  name: String
+
+  function listHatchlings(items: Listing<String>): Listing<String> = new {
+    for (item in items) {
+      "\(name):\(item)"
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+typedProperty: Bird = new { // <1>
+  name = "Swift"
+}
+
+untypedProperty = new { // <2>
+  hello = "world"
+}
+
+typedListing: Listing<Bird> = new {
+  new { // <3>
+    name = "Kite"
+  }
+}
+
+untypedListing: Listing = new {
+  new { // <4>
+    hello = "there"
+  }
+}
+
+typedMapping: Mapping<String, Bird> = new {
+  default { entryKey ->
+    name = entryKey
+  }
+  ["Saltmarsh Sparrow"] = new { // <5>
+    name = "Sharp-tailed Sparrow"
+  }
+}
+
+amendedMapping = (typedMapping) {
+  ["Saltmarsh Sparrow"] = new {} // <6>
+}
+
+class Aviary {
+  birds: Listing<Bird> = new {
+    new { name = "Osprey" }
+  }
+}
+
+aviary: Aviary = new {
+  birds = new { // <7>
+    new { name = "Kiwi" }
+  }
+}
+
+swiftHatchlings = typedProperty.listHatchlings(new { "Poppy"; "Chirpy" }) // <8>
+----
+<1> Assignment to a property with an explicitly declared type, amending `new Bird {}`.
+<2> Assignment to an undeclared property in module context, amending `new Dynamic {}`.
+<3> `Listing` element creation, amending implicit `default`, `new Bird {}`.
+<4> `Listing` element creation, amending implicit `default`, `new Dynamic {}`.
+<5> `Mapping` value assignment, amdending the result of applying `default` to `"Saltmarsh Sparrow"`, `new Bird { name = "Saltmarsh Sparrow" }`.
+<6> `Mapping` value assignment _replacing_ the parent's entry, amending the result of applying `default` to `"Saltmarsh Sparrow"`, `new Bird { name = "Saltmarsh Sparrow" }`.
+<7> Admending the property default value `new Listing { new Bird { name = "Osprey" } }`; the result contains both birds.
+<8> Error: Cannot tell which parent to amend.
+
 [[let-expressions]]
 === Let Expressions
 
@@ -3200,10 +3378,11 @@ Here is an example:
 
 [source%tested,{pkl}]
 ----
-birdDiets = let (diets = List("Seeds", "Berries", "Mice"))
+birdDiets =
+  let (diets = List("Seeds", "Berries", "Mice"))
   List(diets[2], diets[0]) // <1>
 ----
-<1> result: `List("Mice", "Seeds")`
+<1> result: `birdDiets = List("Mice", "Seeds")`
 
 `let` expressions serve two purposes:
 
@@ -3214,20 +3393,22 @@ List(diets[2], diets[0]) // <1>
 
 [source%tested,{pkl}]
 ----
-birdDiets = let (diets: List<String> = List("Seeds", "Berries", "Mice"))
+birdDiets = 
+  let (diets: List<String> = List("Seeds", "Berries", "Mice"))
   diets[2] + diets[0] // <1>
 ----
-<1> result: `List("Mice", "Seeds")`
+<1> result: `birdDiets = List("Mice", "Seeds")`
 
 `let` expressions can be stacked:
 
 [source%tested,{pkl}]
 ----
-birdDiets = let (birds = List("Pigeon", "Barn owl", "Parrot"))
+birdDiets = 
+  let (birds = List("Pigeon", "Barn owl", "Parrot"))
   let (diet = List("Seeds", "Mice", "Berries"))
   birds.zip(diet) // <1>
 ----
-<1> result: `List(Pair("Pigeon", "Seeds"), Pair("Barn owl", "Mice"), Pair("Parrot", "Berries"))`
+<1> result: `birdDiets = List(Pair("Pigeon", "Seeds"), Pair("Barn owl", "Mice"), Pair("Parrot", "Berries"))`
 
 [[type-tests]]
 === Type Tests
@@ -3721,6 +3902,7 @@ bird2: Bird? = null // <2>
 The only class types that admit `null` values despite not ending in `?` are `Any` and `Null`.
 (`Null` is not very useful as a type because it _only_ admits `null` values.)
 `Any?` and `Null?` are equivalent to `Any` and `Null`, respectively.
+In some languages, nullable types are also known as _optional types_.
 
 [[generic-types]]
 ==== Generic Types
@@ -5146,8 +5328,8 @@ It is defined by the presence of a `PklProject` file that amends the standard li
 Defining a project serves the following purposes:
 
 1. It allows defining common evaluator settings for Pkl modules within a logical project.
-2. It helps with managing <<packages,package>> dependencies for Pkl modules within a logical project.
+2. It helps with managing <<package-asset-uri,package>> dependencies for Pkl modules within a logical project.
-3. It enables packaging and sharing the contents of the project as a <<packages,package>>.
+3. It enables packaging and sharing the contents of the project as a <<package-asset-uri,package>>.
 4. It allows importing packages via dependency notation.
 
 [[project-dependencies]]

docs/modules/release-notes/pages/0.26.adoc

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 = Pkl 0.26 Release Notes
 :version: 0.26
-:version-minor: 0.26.0
+:version-minor: 0.26.3
 :release-date: June 17th, 2024
 
 include::ROOT:partial$component-attributes.adoc[]
@@ -508,6 +508,7 @@ We would like to thank the contributors to this release (in alphabetical order):
 * https://github.com/MarkSRobinson[@MarkSRobinson]
 * https://github.com/mitchcapper[@mitchcapper]
 * https://github.com/mrs1669[@mrs1669]
+* https://github.com/netvl[@netvl]
 * https://github.com/nirinchev[@nirinchev]
 * https://github.com/raj-j-shah[@raj-j-shah]
 * https://github.com/sgammon[@sgammon]

docs/modules/release-notes/pages/changelog.adoc

@@ -1,6 +1,43 @@
 = Changelog
 include::ROOT:partial$component-attributes.adoc[]
 
+[[release-0.26.3]]
+== 0.26.3 (2024-08-06)
+
+=== Fixes
+
+* Fixes an issue where CLI argument `--property foo=""` is effectively parsed as `--property foo="true"`. This is now parsed as an empty string (https://github.com/apple/pkl/pull/596[#596]).
+* Fixes a regression where amending a globbed import or globbed read results in a PklBugException (https://github.com/apple/pkl/pull/607[#607]).
+* Fixes an issue around using `file()` notation when using the pkl-gradle plugin on Windows (https://github.com/apple/pkl/pull/611[#611]).
+
+[[release-0.26.2]]
+== 0.26.2 (2024-07-18)
+
+=== Fixes
+
+* Fixes a possible race condition where multiple concurrent Pkl evaluations results in a thrown exception when downloading packages (https://github.com/apple/pkl/pull/584[#584]).
+
+[[release-0.26.1]]
+== 0.26.1 (2024-06-28)
+
+=== Fixes
+
+* Fixes a regression where native executables fail to run on some environments that don't support newer CPU features (https://github.com/apple/pkl/pull/551[#551]).
+* Fixes a `PklBugException` when passing `.` as a project directory to `pkl project resolve` and `pkl project package` (https://github.com/apple/pkl/pull/544[#544]).
+
+=== Changes
+
+* Disable revocation checking of TLS certificates (https://github.com/apple/pkl/pull/553[#553]).
++
+As part of HTTP improvements in 0.26, we unwittingly fixed a bug where Pkl does not actually perform cert revocation checks when making HTTPS requests.
+This fix, unfortunately, caused a regression in some cases.
+For example, this happens when connecting to a server that bears a public trust certificate, while in an environment with no internet access.
+This is because the HTTP client needs to check the revocation status of all certificates in the chain.
++
+Revocation checks are a nuanced topic with some benefits, and also with its own problem areas.
+For this reason, revocation checking is disabled for Pkl's native CLIs.
+Users of Pkl's Java APIs will respect the revocation settings set in the JVM.
+
 [[release-0.26.0]]
 == 0.26.0 (2024-06-17)
 

gradle.properties

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # suppress inspection "UnusedProperty" for whole file
 
 group=org.pkl-lang
-version=0.26.0
+version=0.26.3
 
 # google-java-format requires jdk.compiler exports
 org.gradle.jvmargs= \

pkl-cli/pkl-cli.gradle.kts

@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-import java.security.KeyStore
-import java.security.cert.CertificateFactory
-
 plugins {
   pklAllProjects
   pklKotlinLibrary
@@ -38,8 +35,6 @@ val stagedLinuxAarch64Executable: Configuration by configurations.creating
 val stagedAlpineLinuxAmd64Executable: Configuration by configurations.creating
 val stagedWindowsAmd64Executable: Configuration by configurations.creating
 
-val certs: SourceSet by sourceSets.creating
-
 dependencies {
   compileOnly(libs.svm)
 
@@ -148,38 +143,11 @@ tasks.check {
   dependsOn(testStartJavaExecutable)
 }
 
-val trustStore = layout.buildDirectory.dir("generateTrustStore/PklCARoots.p12")
-val trustStorePassword = "password" // no sensitive data to protect
-
-// generate a trust store for Pkl's built-in CA certificates
-val generateTrustStore by tasks.registering {
-  inputs.file(certs.resources.singleFile)
-  outputs.file(trustStore)
-  doLast {
-    val certificates = certs.resources.singleFile.inputStream().use { stream ->
-      CertificateFactory.getInstance("X.509").generateCertificates(stream)
-    }
-    KeyStore.getInstance("PKCS12").apply {
-      load(null, trustStorePassword.toCharArray()) // initialize empty trust store
-      for ((index, certificate) in certificates.withIndex()) {
-        setCertificateEntry("cert-$index", certificate)
-      }
-      val trustStoreFile = trustStore.get().asFile
-      trustStoreFile.parentFile.mkdirs()
-      trustStoreFile.outputStream().use { stream ->
-        store(stream, trustStorePassword.toCharArray())
-      }
-    }
-  }
-}
-
 fun Exec.configureExecutable(
   graalVm: BuildInfo.GraalVm,
   outputFile: Provider<RegularFile>,
   extraArgs: List<String> = listOf()
 ) {
-  dependsOn(generateTrustStore)
-
   inputs.files(sourceSets.main.map { it.output })
     .withPropertyName("mainSourceSets")
     .withPathSensitivity(PathSensitivity.RELATIVE)
@@ -210,14 +178,10 @@ fun Exec.configureExecutable(
       // needed for messagepack-java (see https://github.com/msgpack/msgpack-java/issues/600)
       add("--initialize-at-run-time=org.msgpack.core.buffer.DirectBufferAccess")
       add("--no-fallback")
-      add("-Djavax.net.ssl.trustStore=${trustStore.get().asFile}")
-      add("-Djavax.net.ssl.trustStorePassword=$trustStorePassword")
-      add("-Djavax.net.ssl.trustStoreType=PKCS12")
-      // security property "ocsp.enable=true" is set in Main.kt
-      add("-Dcom.sun.net.ssl.checkRevocation=true")
       add("-H:IncludeResources=org/pkl/core/stdlib/.*\\.pkl")
       add("-H:IncludeResources=org/jline/utils/.*")
       add("-H:IncludeResourceBundles=org.pkl.core.errorMessages")
+      add("-H:IncludeResources=org/pkl/commons/cli/PklCARoots.pem")
       add("--macro:truffle")
       add("-H:Class=org.pkl.cli.Main")
       add("-H:Name=${outputFile.get().asFile.name}")
@@ -232,6 +196,7 @@ fun Exec.configureExecutable(
       if (!buildInfo.isReleaseBuild) {
         add("-Ob")
       }
+      add("-march=compatibility")
       // native-image rejects non-existing class path entries -> filter
       add("--class-path")
       val pathInput = sourceSets.main.get().output + configurations.runtimeClasspath.get()
@@ -316,7 +281,7 @@ val windowsExecutableAmd64: TaskProvider<Exec> by tasks.registering(Exec::class)
   configureExecutable(
     buildInfo.graalVmAmd64,
     layout.buildDirectory.file("executable/pkl-windows-amd64"),
-    listOf("-Dfile.encoding=UTF-8", "-march=compatibility")
+    listOf("-Dfile.encoding=UTF-8")
   )
 }
 

pkl-cli/src/main/kotlin/org/pkl/cli/CliProjectCommand.kt

@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ abstract class CliProjectCommand(cliOptions: CliBaseOptions, private val project
           )
       return@lazy listOf(projectFile.normalize())
     }
-    projectDirs.map { dir ->
+    projectDirs.map(cliOptions.normalizedWorkingDir::resolve).map { dir ->
       val projectFile = dir.resolve(PKL_PROJECT_FILENAME)
       if (!Files.exists(projectFile)) {
         throw CliException("Directory $dir does not contain a PklProject file.")

pkl-commons-cli/src/main/kotlin/org/pkl/commons/cli/CliCommand.kt

@@ -171,8 +171,20 @@ abstract class CliCommand(protected val cliOptions: CliBaseOptions) {
 
   private fun HttpClient.Builder.addDefaultCliCertificates() {
     val caCertsDir = IoUtils.getPklHomeDir().resolve("cacerts")
+    var certsAdded = false
     if (Files.isDirectory(caCertsDir)) {
-      Files.list(caCertsDir).filter { it.isRegularFile() }.forEach { addCertificates(it) }
+      Files.list(caCertsDir)
+        .filter { it.isRegularFile() }
+        .forEach { cert ->
+          certsAdded = true
+          addCertificates(cert)
+        }
+    }
+    if (!certsAdded) {
+      val defaultCerts =
+        javaClass.classLoader.getResourceAsStream("org/pkl/commons/cli/PklCARoots.pem")
+          ?: throw CliException("Could not find bundled certificates")
+      addCertificates(defaultCerts.readAllBytes())
     }
   }
 

pkl-commons-cli/src/main/kotlin/org/pkl/commons/cli/CliMain.kt

@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@
 package org.pkl.commons.cli
 
 import java.io.PrintStream
-import java.security.Security
 import kotlin.system.exitProcess
 
 /** Building block for CLIs. Intended to be called from a `main` method. */
@@ -30,9 +29,6 @@ fun cliMain(block: () -> Unit) {
 
   // Force `native-image` to use system proxies (which does not happen with `-D`).
   System.setProperty("java.net.useSystemProxies", "true")
-  // enable OCSP for default SSL context
-  Security.setProperty("ocsp.enable", "true")
-
   try {
     block()
   } catch (e: CliTestException) {

pkl-commons-cli/src/main/kotlin/org/pkl/commons/cli/commands/BaseOptions.kt

@@ -64,6 +64,16 @@ class BaseOptions : OptionGroup() {
             throw CliException(message)
           }
       }
+
+    fun RawOption.associateProps():
+      OptionWithValues<Map<String, String>, Pair<String, String>, Pair<String, String>> {
+      return convert {
+          val parts = it.split("=")
+          if (parts.size <= 1) parts[0] to "true" else parts[0] to parts[1]
+        }
+        .multiple()
+        .toMap()
+    }
   }
 
   private val defaults = CliBaseOptions()
@@ -116,7 +126,7 @@ class BaseOptions : OptionGroup() {
         metavar = "<name=value>",
         help = "External property to set (repeatable)."
       )
-      .associate()
+      .associateProps()
 
   val noCache: Boolean by
     option(names = arrayOf("--no-cache"), help = "Disable caching of packages")
@@ -215,7 +225,7 @@ class BaseOptions : OptionGroup() {
       allowedModules = allowedModules.ifEmpty { null },
       allowedResources = allowedResources.ifEmpty { null },
       environmentVariables = envVars.ifEmpty { null },
-      externalProperties = properties.mapValues { it.value.ifBlank { "true" } }.ifEmpty { null },
+      externalProperties = properties.ifEmpty { null },
       modulePath = modulePath.ifEmpty { null },
       workingDir = workingDir,
       settings = settings,

pkl-commons-cli/src/test/kotlin/org/pkl/commons/cli/BaseCommandTest.kt

@@ -45,10 +45,10 @@ class BaseCommandTest {
 
   @Test
   fun `external properties without value default to 'true'`() {
-    cmd.parse(arrayOf("-p", "flag1", "-p", "flag2", "-p", "FOO=bar"))
+    cmd.parse(arrayOf("-p", "flag1", "-p", "flag2=", "-p", "FOO=bar"))
     val props = cmd.baseOptions.baseOptions(emptyList()).externalProperties
 
-    assertThat(props).isEqualTo(mapOf("flag1" to "true", "flag2" to "true", "FOO" to "bar"))
+    assertThat(props).isEqualTo(mapOf("flag1" to "true", "flag2" to "", "FOO" to "bar"))
   }
 
   @Test

pkl-core/src/main/java/org/pkl/core/ast/expression/unary/ImportGlobMemberBodyNode.java

@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ public final class ImportGlobMemberBodyNode extends ExpressionNode {
 
   @Override
   public Object executeGeneric(VirtualFrame frame) {
-    var mapping = VmUtils.getObjectReceiver(frame);
+    var mapping = VmUtils.getOwner(frame);
     var path = (String) VmUtils.getMemberKey(frame);
     return importModule(mapping, path);
   }

pkl-core/src/main/java/org/pkl/core/ast/expression/unary/ReadGlobMemberBodyNode.java

@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ public class ReadGlobMemberBodyNode extends ExpressionNode {
 
   @Override
   public Object executeGeneric(VirtualFrame frame) {
-    var mapping = VmUtils.getObjectReceiver(frame);
+    var mapping = VmUtils.getOwner(frame);
     var path = (String) VmUtils.getMemberKey(frame);
     return readResource(mapping, path);
   }

pkl-core/src/main/java/org/pkl/core/http/JdkHttpClient.java

@@ -31,22 +31,17 @@ import java.nio.file.Files;
 import java.nio.file.NoSuchFileException;
 import java.nio.file.Path;
 import java.security.GeneralSecurityException;
+import java.security.KeyStore;
 import java.security.SecureRandom;
-import java.security.cert.CertPathBuilder;
+import java.security.cert.Certificate;
 import java.security.cert.CertificateException;
 import java.security.cert.CertificateFactory;
-import java.security.cert.PKIXBuilderParameters;
-import java.security.cert.PKIXRevocationChecker;
-import java.security.cert.TrustAnchor;
-import java.security.cert.X509CertSelector;
 import java.security.cert.X509Certificate;
 import java.time.Duration;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.Collection;
-import java.util.HashSet;
 import java.util.List;
-import java.util.Set;
 import javax.annotation.concurrent.ThreadSafe;
-import javax.net.ssl.CertPathTrustManagerParameters;
 import javax.net.ssl.SSLContext;
 import javax.net.ssl.SSLException;
 import javax.net.ssl.SSLHandshakeException;
@@ -130,43 +125,36 @@ final class JdkHttpClient implements HttpClient {
       List<Path> certificateFiles, List<ByteBuffer> certificateBytes) {
     try {
       if (certificateFiles.isEmpty() && certificateBytes.isEmpty()) {
-        // use Pkl native executable's or JVM's built-in CA certificates
+        // use JVM's built-in CA certificates
         return SSLContext.getDefault();
       }
 
-      var certPathBuilder = CertPathBuilder.getInstance("PKIX");
-      // create a non-legacy revocation checker that is configured via setOptions() instead of
-      // security property "ocsp.enabled"
-      var revocationChecker = (PKIXRevocationChecker) certPathBuilder.getRevocationChecker();
-      revocationChecker.setOptions(Set.of()); // prefer OCSP, fall back to CRLs
-
       var certFactory = CertificateFactory.getInstance("X.509");
-      Set<TrustAnchor> trustAnchors =
+      List<Certificate> certs = gatherCertificates(certFactory, certificateFiles, certificateBytes);
-          createTrustAnchors(certFactory, certificateFiles, certificateBytes);
+      var keystore = KeyStore.getInstance(KeyStore.getDefaultType());
-      var pkixParameters = new PKIXBuilderParameters(trustAnchors, new X509CertSelector());
+      keystore.load(null);
-      // equivalent of "com.sun.net.ssl.checkRevocation=true"
+      for (var i = 0; i < certs.size(); i++) {
-      pkixParameters.setRevocationEnabled(true);
+        keystore.setCertificateEntry("Certificate" + i, certs.get(i));
-      pkixParameters.addCertPathChecker(revocationChecker);
+      }
-
       var trustManagerFactory = TrustManagerFactory.getInstance("PKIX");
-      trustManagerFactory.init(new CertPathTrustManagerParameters(pkixParameters));
+      trustManagerFactory.init(keystore);
 
       var sslContext = SSLContext.getInstance("TLS");
       sslContext.init(null, trustManagerFactory.getTrustManagers(), new SecureRandom());
 
       return sslContext;
-    } catch (GeneralSecurityException e) {
+    } catch (GeneralSecurityException | IOException e) {
       throw new HttpClientInitException(
           ErrorMessages.create("cannotInitHttpClient", Exceptions.getRootReason(e)), e);
     }
   }
 
-  private static Set<TrustAnchor> createTrustAnchors(
+  private static List<Certificate> gatherCertificates(
       CertificateFactory factory, List<Path> certificateFiles, List<ByteBuffer> certificateBytes) {
-    var anchors = new HashSet<TrustAnchor>();
+    var certificates = new ArrayList<Certificate>();
     for (var file : certificateFiles) {
       try (var stream = Files.newInputStream(file)) {
-        collectTrustAnchors(anchors, factory, stream, file);
+        collectCertificates(certificates, factory, stream, file);
       } catch (NoSuchFileException e) {
         throw new HttpClientInitException(ErrorMessages.create("cannotFindCertFile", file));
       } catch (IOException e) {
@@ -176,13 +164,13 @@ final class JdkHttpClient implements HttpClient {
     }
     for (var byteBuffer : certificateBytes) {
       var stream = new ByteArrayInputStream(byteBuffer.array());
-      collectTrustAnchors(anchors, factory, stream, "<unavailable>");
+      collectCertificates(certificates, factory, stream, "<unavailable>");
     }
-    return anchors;
+    return certificates;
   }
 
-  private static void collectTrustAnchors(
+  private static void collectCertificates(
-      Collection<TrustAnchor> anchors,
+      ArrayList<Certificate> anchors,
       CertificateFactory factory,
       InputStream stream,
       Object source) {
@@ -197,8 +185,6 @@ final class JdkHttpClient implements HttpClient {
     if (certificates.isEmpty()) {
       throw new HttpClientInitException(ErrorMessages.create("emptyCertFile", source));
     }
-    for (var certificate : certificates) {
+    anchors.addAll(certificates);
-      anchors.add(new TrustAnchor(certificate, null));
-    }
   }
 }

pkl-core/src/main/java/org/pkl/core/packages/PackageResolvers.java

@@ -455,10 +455,9 @@ final class PackageResolvers {
 
     private byte[] downloadUriToPathAndComputeChecksum(URI downloadUri, Path path)
         throws IOException, SecurityManagerException {
-      Files.createDirectories(path.getParent());
       var inputStream = openExternalUri(downloadUri);
       try (var digestInputStream = newDigestInputStream(inputStream)) {
-        Files.copy(digestInputStream, path);
+        Files.copy(digestInputStream, path, StandardCopyOption.REPLACE_EXISTING);
         return digestInputStream.getMessageDigest().digest();
       }
     }
@@ -472,7 +471,7 @@ final class PackageResolvers {
       }
       try (var in = inputStream) {
         Files.createDirectories(path.getParent());
-        Files.copy(in, path);
+        Files.copy(in, path, StandardCopyOption.REPLACE_EXISTING);
         if (checksums != null) {
           var digestInputStream = (DigestInputStream) inputStream;
           var checksumBytes = digestInputStream.getMessageDigest().digest();
@@ -490,7 +489,10 @@ final class PackageResolvers {
       if (Files.exists(cachePath)) {
         return cachePath;
       }
-      var tmpPath = tmpDir.resolve(metadataRelativePath);
+      Files.createDirectories(tmpDir);
+      var tmpPath =
+          Files.createTempFile(
+              tmpDir, IoUtils.encodePath(packageUri.toString().replaceAll("/", "-")), ".json");
       try {
         downloadMetadata(packageUri, requestUri, tmpPath, checksums);
         Files.createDirectories(cachePath.getParent());
@@ -539,7 +541,10 @@ final class PackageResolvers {
       if (Files.exists(cachePath)) {
         return cachePath;
       }
-      var tmpPath = tmpDir.resolve(relativePath);
+      Files.createDirectories(tmpDir);
+      var tmpPath =
+          Files.createTempFile(
+              tmpDir, IoUtils.encodePath(packageUri.toString().replaceAll("/", "-")), ".zip");
       try {
         var checksumBytes =
             downloadUriToPathAndComputeChecksum(dependencyMetadata.getPackageZipUrl(), tmpPath);

pkl-core/src/main/java/org/pkl/core/runtime/ModuleCache.java

@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ import java.util.stream.Collectors;
 import org.pkl.core.Release;
 import org.pkl.core.SecurityManager;
 import org.pkl.core.SecurityManagerException;
+import org.pkl.core.http.HttpClientInitException;
 import org.pkl.core.module.ModuleKey;
 import org.pkl.core.module.ModuleKeys;
 import org.pkl.core.module.ResolvedModuleKey;
@@ -191,7 +192,7 @@ public final class ModuleCache {
       ModuleKey module, SecurityManager securityManager, @Nullable Node importNode) {
     try {
       return module.resolve(securityManager);
-    } catch (SecurityManagerException | PackageLoadError e) {
+    } catch (SecurityManagerException | PackageLoadError | HttpClientInitException e) {
       throw new VmExceptionBuilder().withOptionalLocation(importNode).withCause(e).build();
     } catch (FileNotFoundException | NoSuchFileException e) {
       var exceptionBuilder =

pkl-core/src/main/java/org/pkl/core/runtime/VmLanguage.java

@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ import org.pkl.core.util.Nullable;
 @TruffleLanguage.Registration(
     id = "pkl",
     name = "Pkl",
-    version = "0.26.0-dev",
+    version = "0.26.3",
     characterMimeTypes = VmLanguage.MIME_TYPE,
     contextPolicy = ContextPolicy.SHARED)
 public final class VmLanguage extends TruffleLanguage<VmContext> {

pkl-core/src/test/files/LanguageSnippetTests/input/basic/importGlob.pkl

@@ -16,6 +16,16 @@ examples {
     import*("../../input-helper/globtest/**.pkl").keys.toListing()
   }
 
+  ["amended"] {
+    (import*("../../input-helper/globtest/**.pkl")) {
+      [[true]] {
+        output {
+          renderer = new YamlRenderer {}
+        }
+      }
+    }.toMap().values.map((it) -> it.output.text).join("\n---\n")
+  }
+
   ["globstar then up one level"] {
     import*("../../input-helper/globtest/**/../*.pkl").keys.toListing()
   }

pkl-core/src/test/files/LanguageSnippetTests/input/basic/readGlob.pkl

@@ -8,6 +8,14 @@ examples {
     read*("globtest/*.txt")
   }
 
+  ["amended"] {
+    (read*("../../input-helper/globtest/**.pkl")) {
+      [[true]] {
+        text = "hi"
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
   ["env:"] {
     // doesn't match names that include slashes
     read*("env:*")

pkl-core/src/test/files/LanguageSnippetTests/output/basic/importGlob.pcf

@@ -21,6 +21,21 @@ examples {
       "../../input-helper/globtest/child/moduleC.pkl"
     }
   }
+  ["amended"] {
+    """
+     {}
+    
+    ---
+    name: moduleA
+    
+    ---
+    name: moduleB
+    
+    ---
+    name: child/moduleC
+    
+    """
+  }
   ["globstar then up one level"] {
     new {
       "../../input-helper/globtest/child/../module with [weird] ~!characters.pkl"

pkl-core/src/test/files/LanguageSnippetTests/output/basic/readGlob.pcf

@@ -50,6 +50,30 @@ examples {
       }
     }
   }
+  ["amended"] {
+    new {
+      ["../../input-helper/globtest/module with [weird] ~!characters.pkl"] {
+        uri = "file:///$snippetsDir/input-helper/globtest/module%20with%20%5Bweird%5D%20~!characters.pkl"
+        text = "hi"
+        base64 = ""
+      }
+      ["../../input-helper/globtest/moduleA.pkl"] {
+        uri = "file:///$snippetsDir/input-helper/globtest/moduleA.pkl"
+        text = "hi"
+        base64 = "bmFtZSA9ICJtb2R1bGVBIgo="
+      }
+      ["../../input-helper/globtest/moduleB.pkl"] {
+        uri = "file:///$snippetsDir/input-helper/globtest/moduleB.pkl"
+        text = "hi"
+        base64 = "bmFtZSA9ICJtb2R1bGVCIgo="
+      }
+      ["../../input-helper/globtest/child/moduleC.pkl"] {
+        uri = "file:///$snippetsDir/input-helper/globtest/child/moduleC.pkl"
+        text = "hi"
+        base64 = "bmFtZSA9ICJjaGlsZC9tb2R1bGVDIgo="
+      }
+    }
+  }
   ["env:"] {
     new {
       ["env:NAME1"] = "value1"

pkl-core/src/test/kotlin/org/pkl/core/packages/PackageResolversTest.kt

@@ -2,10 +2,9 @@ package org.pkl.core.packages
 
 import org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat
 import org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThatCode
-import org.junit.jupiter.api.AfterAll
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.*
-import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeAll
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.parallel.Execution
-import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.parallel.ExecutionMode
-import org.junit.jupiter.api.assertThrows
 import org.pkl.commons.deleteRecursively
 import org.pkl.commons.readString
 import org.pkl.commons.test.FileTestUtils
@@ -44,7 +43,9 @@ class PackageResolversTest {
       }
     }
 
-    @Test
+    // execute test 3 times to check concurrent writes
+    @RepeatedTest(3)
+    @Execution(ExecutionMode.CONCURRENT)
     fun `get module bytes`() {
       val expectedBirdModule = packageRoot.resolve("birds@0.5.0/package/Bird.pkl").readString(StandardCharsets.UTF_8)
       val assetUri = PackageAssetUri("package://localhost:0/birds@0.5.0#/Bird.pkl")

pkl-gradle/src/main/java/org/pkl/gradle/task/ModulesTask.java

@@ -134,6 +134,9 @@ public abstract class ModulesTask extends BasePklTask {
    */
   private URI parsedModuleNotationToUri(Object notation) {
     if (notation instanceof File file) {
+      if (file.isAbsolute()) {
+        return file.toPath().toUri();
+      }
       return IoUtils.createUri(IoUtils.toNormalizedPathString(file.toPath()));
     } else if (notation instanceof URI uri) {
       return uri;

stdlib/Benchmark.pkl

@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@
 ///
 /// Warning: Although this module is ready for initial use,
 /// benchmark results may be inaccurate or inconsistent.
-@ModuleInfo { minPklVersion = "0.26.0" }
+@ModuleInfo { minPklVersion = "0.26.1" }
 module pkl.Benchmark
 
 import "pkl:platform" as _platform

stdlib/DocPackageInfo.pkl

@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@
 /// @Deprecated { message = "Use `com.example.Birds.Parrot` instead" }
 /// amends "pkl:PackageInfo"
 /// ```
-@ModuleInfo { minPklVersion = "0.26.0" }
+@ModuleInfo { minPklVersion = "0.26.1" }
 module pkl.DocPackageInfo
 
 import "pkl:reflect"

stdlib/DocsiteInfo.pkl

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@
 ///
 /// title = "Title displayed in the header of each page"
 /// ```
-@ModuleInfo { minPklVersion = "0.26.0" }
+@ModuleInfo { minPklVersion = "0.26.1" }
 module pkl.DocsiteInfo
 
 import "pkl:reflect"

stdlib/EvaluatorSettings.pkl

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
 
 /// Common settings for Pkl's own evaluator.
-@ModuleInfo { minPklVersion = "0.26.0" }
+@ModuleInfo { minPklVersion = "0.26.1" }
 @Since { version = "0.26.0" }
 module pkl.EvaluatorSettings
 

stdlib/Project.pkl

@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@
 ///   value = project
 /// }
 /// ``` 
-@ModuleInfo { minPklVersion = "0.26.0" }
+@ModuleInfo { minPklVersion = "0.26.1" }
 module pkl.Project
 
 import "pkl:EvaluatorSettings" as EvaluatorSettingsModule

stdlib/base.pkl

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 /// Fundamental properties, methods, and classes for writing Pkl programs.
 ///
 /// Members of this module are automatically available in every Pkl module.
-@ModuleInfo { minPklVersion = "0.26.0" }
+@ModuleInfo { minPklVersion = "0.26.1" }
 module pkl.base
 
 import "pkl:jsonnet"

stdlib/json.pkl

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
 
 /// A JSON parser.
-@ModuleInfo { minPklVersion = "0.26.0" }
+@ModuleInfo { minPklVersion = "0.26.1" }
 module pkl.json
 
 /// A JSON parser.

stdlib/jsonnet.pkl

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
 
 /// A [Jsonnet](https://jsonnet.org) renderer.
-@ModuleInfo { minPklVersion = "0.26.0" }
+@ModuleInfo { minPklVersion = "0.26.1" }
 module pkl.jsonnet
 
 /// Constructs an [ImportStr].

stdlib/math.pkl

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 ///
 /// Note that some mathematical functions, such as `sign()`, `abs()`, and `round()`,
 /// are directly defined in classes [Number], [Int], and [Float].
-@ModuleInfo { minPklVersion = "0.26.0" }
+@ModuleInfo { minPklVersion = "0.26.1" }
 module pkl.math
 
 /// The minimum [Int] value: `-9223372036854775808`.

stdlib/platform.pkl

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
 
 /// Information about the platform that the current program runs on.
-@ModuleInfo { minPklVersion = "0.26.0" }
+@ModuleInfo { minPklVersion = "0.26.1" }
 module pkl.platform
 
 /// The platform that the current program runs on.

stdlib/protobuf.pkl

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
 
 /// A renderer for [Protocol Buffers](https://developers.google.com/protocol-buffers).
 /// Note: This module is _experimental_ and not ready for production use.
-@ModuleInfo { minPklVersion = "0.26.0" }
+@ModuleInfo { minPklVersion = "0.26.1" }
 module pkl.protobuf
 
 import "pkl:reflect"

stdlib/reflect.pkl

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
 /// - Documentation generators (such as *Pkldoc*)
 /// - Code generators (such as *pkl-codegen-java* and *pkl-codegen-kotlin*)
 /// - Domain-specific schema validators
-@ModuleInfo { minPklVersion = "0.26.0" }
+@ModuleInfo { minPklVersion = "0.26.1" }
 module pkl.reflect
 
 import "pkl:base"

stdlib/release.pkl

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
 
 /// Information about the Pkl release that the current program runs on.
-@ModuleInfo { minPklVersion = "0.26.0" }
+@ModuleInfo { minPklVersion = "0.26.1" }
 module pkl.release
 
 import "pkl:semver"

stdlib/semver.pkl

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
 
 /// Parsing, comparison, and manipulation of [semantic version](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.html) numbers.
-@ModuleInfo { minPklVersion = "0.26.0" }
+@ModuleInfo { minPklVersion = "0.26.1" }
 module pkl.semver
 
 /// Tells whether [version] is a valid semantic version number.

stdlib/settings.pkl

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 /// Every settings file must amend this module.
 /// Unless CLI commands and build tool plugins are explicitly configured with a settings file,
 /// they will use `~/.pkl/settings.pkl` or the defaults specified in this module.
-@ModuleInfo { minPklVersion = "0.26.0" }
+@ModuleInfo { minPklVersion = "0.26.1" }
 module pkl.settings
 
 import "pkl:EvaluatorSettings"

stdlib/shell.pkl

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
 
 /// Utilities for generating shell scripts.
-@ModuleInfo { minPklVersion = "0.26.0" }
+@ModuleInfo { minPklVersion = "0.26.1" }
 module pkl.shell
 
 /// Escapes [str] by enclosing it in single quotes.

stdlib/test.pkl

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 ///
 /// To write tests, amend this module and define [facts] or [examples] (or both).
 /// To run tests, evaluate the amended module.
-@ModuleInfo { minPklVersion = "0.26.0" }
+@ModuleInfo { minPklVersion = "0.26.1" }
 open module pkl.test
 
 /// Named groups of boolean expressions that are expected to evaluate to [true].

stdlib/xml.pkl

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
 
 /// An XML renderer.
-@ModuleInfo { minPklVersion = "0.26.0" }
+@ModuleInfo { minPklVersion = "0.26.1" }
 module pkl.xml
 
 /// Renders values as XML.

stdlib/yaml.pkl

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
 
 /// A YAML 1.2 compliant YAML parser.
-@ModuleInfo { minPklVersion = "0.26.0" }
+@ModuleInfo { minPklVersion = "0.26.1" }
 module pkl.yaml
 
 /// A YAML parser.