diff --git a/pkl-core/src/main/java/org/pkl/core/PType.java b/pkl-core/src/main/java/org/pkl/core/PType.java
index 4a912156c..8312de05d 100644
--- a/pkl-core/src/main/java/org/pkl/core/PType.java
+++ b/pkl-core/src/main/java/org/pkl/core/PType.java
@@ -80,6 +80,17 @@ public abstract class PType implements Serializable {
     public String toString() {
       return ValueFormatter.basic().formatStringValue(literal, "");
     }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean equals(@org.jspecify.annotations.Nullable Object obj) {
+      if (obj == this) return true;
+      return obj instanceof StringLiteral that && literal.equals(that.literal);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int hashCode() {
+      return literal.hashCode();
+    }
   }
 
   public static final class Class extends PType {
@@ -125,6 +136,19 @@ public abstract class PType implements Serializable {
       }
       return result;
     }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean equals(@org.jspecify.annotations.Nullable Object obj) {
+      if (obj == this) return true;
+      return obj instanceof Class that
+          && pClass.equals(that.pClass)
+          && typeArguments.equals(that.typeArguments);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int hashCode() {
+      return 31 * pClass.hashCode() + typeArguments.hashCode();
+    }
   }
 
   public static final class Nullable extends PType {
@@ -146,6 +170,17 @@ public abstract class PType implements Serializable {
           ? "(" + baseType + ")?"
           : baseType + "?";
     }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean equals(@org.jspecify.annotations.Nullable Object obj) {
+      if (obj == this) return true;
+      return obj instanceof Nullable that && baseType.equals(that.baseType);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int hashCode() {
+      return baseType.hashCode();
+    }
   }
 
   public static final class Constrained extends PType {
@@ -176,6 +211,19 @@ public abstract class PType implements Serializable {
           + String.join(", ", constraints)
           + ")";
     }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean equals(@org.jspecify.annotations.Nullable Object obj) {
+      if (obj == this) return true;
+      return obj instanceof Constrained that
+          && baseType.equals(that.baseType)
+          && constraints.equals(that.constraints);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int hashCode() {
+      return 31 * baseType.hashCode() + constraints.hashCode();
+    }
   }
 
   public static final class Alias extends PType {
@@ -223,6 +271,19 @@ public abstract class PType implements Serializable {
       }
       return result;
     }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean equals(@org.jspecify.annotations.Nullable Object obj) {
+      if (obj == this) return true;
+      return obj instanceof Alias that
+          && typeAlias.equals(that.typeAlias)
+          && typeArguments.equals(that.typeArguments);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int hashCode() {
+      return 31 * typeAlias.hashCode() + typeArguments.hashCode();
+    }
   }
 
   public static final class Function extends PType {
@@ -251,6 +312,19 @@ public abstract class PType implements Serializable {
           + ") -> "
           + returnType;
     }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean equals(@org.jspecify.annotations.Nullable Object obj) {
+      if (obj == this) return true;
+      return obj instanceof Function that
+          && parameterTypes.equals(that.parameterTypes)
+          && returnType.equals(that.returnType);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int hashCode() {
+      return 31 * parameterTypes.hashCode() + returnType.hashCode();
+    }
   }
 
   public static final class Union extends PType {
@@ -270,6 +344,17 @@ public abstract class PType implements Serializable {
     public String toString() {
       return elementTypes.stream().map(Object::toString).collect(Collectors.joining(" | "));
     }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean equals(@org.jspecify.annotations.Nullable Object obj) {
+      if (obj == this) return true;
+      return obj instanceof Union that && elementTypes.equals(that.elementTypes);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int hashCode() {
+      return elementTypes.hashCode();
+    }
   }
 
   public static final class TypeVariable extends PType {
@@ -293,5 +378,16 @@ public abstract class PType implements Serializable {
     public String toString() {
       return typeParameter.getName();
     }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean equals(@org.jspecify.annotations.Nullable Object obj) {
+      if (obj == this) return true;
+      return obj instanceof TypeVariable that && typeParameter.equals(that.typeParameter);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int hashCode() {
+      return typeParameter.hashCode();
+    }
   }
 }
diff --git a/pkl-core/src/test/files/LanguageSnippetTests/input/basic/reference.pkl b/pkl-core/src/test/files/LanguageSnippetTests/input/basic/reference.pkl
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f23589f8c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkl-core/src/test/files/LanguageSnippetTests/input/basic/reference.pkl
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+amends "../snippetTest.pkl"
+
+import "pkl:ref"
+
+local class D extends ref.Domain {
+  function renderReference(reference: ref.Reference<D, Any>): String = reference.getData().toString()
+}
+
+local const d: D = new {}
+local typealias Ref<T> = ref.Reference<D, T>
+
+local class Holder {
+  num: Int
+  text: String
+  lit: "literal"
+  small: Int8
+  optional: Mapping<String, Int?>
+  listing: Listing<Int>
+  union: Listing<String> | Listing<Int>
+}
+
+local const h: Holder = new {
+  num = 1
+  text = "t"
+  lit = "literal"
+  small = 8
+  optional { ["k"] = 5 }
+  listing { 1; 2 }
+  union = new Listing<Int> { 1 }
+}
+
+local hRef1: Ref<Holder> = ref.Reference(d, Holder, h)
+local hRef2: Ref<Holder> = ref.Reference(d, Holder, h)
+
+facts {
+  ["equality"] {
+    hRef1 == hRef2
+    hRef1.num == hRef2.num
+    hRef1.lit == hRef2.lit
+    hRef1.small == hRef2.small
+    hRef1.optional["k"] == hRef2.optional["k"]
+    hRef1.listing[0] == hRef2.listing[0]
+    hRef1.union == hRef2.union
+  }
+
+  ["inequality"] {
+    hRef1.num != hRef2.text
+  }
+
+  ["set deduplication"] {
+    Set(hRef1.num, hRef2.num).length == 1
+    Set(hRef1.union, hRef2.union).length == 1
+    Set(hRef1.num, hRef2.text).length == 2
+  }
+}
diff --git a/pkl-core/src/test/files/LanguageSnippetTests/output/basic/reference.pcf b/pkl-core/src/test/files/LanguageSnippetTests/output/basic/reference.pcf
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4c176b165
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkl-core/src/test/files/LanguageSnippetTests/output/basic/reference.pcf
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+facts {
+  ["equality"] {
+    true
+    true
+    true
+    true
+    true
+    true
+    true
+  }
+  ["inequality"] {
+    true
+  }
+  ["set deduplication"] {
+    true
+    true
+    true
+  }
+}