{
  # required by preservation
  fileSystems."/persistent".neededForBoot = true;

  # contains the k3s's token
  fileSystems."/run/media/nixos_k3s" = {
    device = "/dev/disk/by-label/NIXOS_K3S";
    fsType = "vfat";
    options = [ "ro" ];
  };

  disko.devices = {
    nodev."/" = {
      fsType = "tmpfs";
      mountOptions = [
        "size=4G"
        "defaults"
        # set mode to 755, otherwise systemd will set it to 777, which cause problems.
        # relatime: Update inode access times relative to modify or change time.
        "mode=755"
      ];
    };

    disk.main = {
      type = "disk";
      # When using disko-install, we will overwrite this value from the commandline
      device = "/dev/nvme0n1"; # The device to partition
      content = {
        type = "gpt";
        partitions = {
          # The EFI & Boot partition
          ESP = {
            size = "630M";
            type = "EF00";
            content = {
              type = "filesystem";
              format = "vfat";
              mountpoint = "/boot";
              mountOptions = [
                "fmask=0177" # File mask: 777-177=600 (Owner: rw-, Group/Others: ---)
                "dmask=0077" # Directory mask: 777-077=700 (Owner: rwx, Group/Others: ---)
                "noexec,nosuid,nodev" # Security: Block execution, ignore setuid, and disable device nodes
              ];
            };
          };
          # The root partition
          luks = {
            size = "100%";
            content = {
              type = "luks";
              name = "encrypted";
              settings = {
                keyFile = "/dev/disk/by-label/NIXOS_DSC"; # The keyfile is stored on a USB stick
                # The maximum size of the keyfile is 8192 KiB
                # type `cryptsetup --help` to see the compiled-in key and passphrase maximum sizes
                keyFileSize = 512 * 64; # match the `bs * count` of the `dd` command
                keyFileOffset = 512 * 128; # match the `bs * skip` of the `dd` command
                # fallbackToPassword = true;
                allowDiscards = true;
              };
              # Whether to add a boot.initrd.luks.devices entry for the specified disk.
              initrdUnlock = true;

              # encrypt the root partition with luks2 and argon2id, will prompt for a passphrase, which will be used to unlock the partition.
              # cryptsetup luksFormat
              extraFormatArgs = [
                "--type luks2"
                "--cipher aes-xts-plain64"
                "--hash sha512"
                "--iter-time 5000"
                "--key-size 256"
                "--pbkdf argon2id"
                # use true random data from /dev/random, will block until enough entropy is available
                "--use-random"
              ];
              extraOpenArgs = [
                "--timeout 10"
              ];
              content = {
                type = "btrfs";
                extraArgs = [ "-f" ]; # Force override existing partition
                subvolumes = {
                  # mount the top-level subvolume at /btr_pool
                  # it will be used by btrbk to create snapshots
                  "/" = {
                    mountpoint = "/btr_pool";
                    # btrfs's top-level subvolume, internally has an id 5
                    # we can access all other subvolumes from this subvolume.
                    mountOptions = [ "subvolid=5" ];
                  };
                  "@nix" = {
                    mountpoint = "/nix";
                    mountOptions = [
                      "compress-force=zstd:1"
                      "noatime"
                    ];
                  };
                  "@persistent" = {
                    mountpoint = "/persistent";
                    mountOptions = [
                      "compress-force=zstd:1"
                      "noatime"
                    ];
                  };
                  "@tmp" = {
                    mountpoint = "/tmp";
                    mountOptions = [
                      "compress-force=zstd:1"
                      "noatime"
                    ];
                  };
                  "@snapshots" = {
                    mountpoint = "/snapshots";
                    mountOptions = [
                      "compress-force=zstd:1"
                      "noatime"
                    ];
                  };
                  "@swap" = {
                    mountpoint = "/swap";
                    swap.swapfile.size = "16384M";
                  };
                };
              };
            };
          };
        };
      };
    };
  };
}