diff --git a/goutils b/goutils
index 272bc534..0fcd6283 160000
--- a/goutils
+++ b/goutils
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 272bc5343946eb60f7283e8e7a7ff65644b11eca
+Subproject commit 0fcd628370319b28b92288d34f8bcff1e7e9d4db
diff --git a/internal/serialization/gin_binding.go b/internal/serialization/gin_binding.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6631792c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/serialization/gin_binding.go
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+package serialization
+
+import (
+	"net/http"
+
+	"github.com/bytedance/sonic"
+	"github.com/goccy/go-yaml"
+)
+
+type (
+	GinJSONBinding struct{}
+	GinYAMLBinding struct{}
+)
+
+func (b GinJSONBinding) Name() string {
+	return "json"
+}
+
+func (b GinJSONBinding) Bind(req *http.Request, obj any) error {
+	m := make(map[string]any)
+	if err := sonic.ConfigDefault.NewDecoder(NewSubstituteEnvReader(req.Body)).Decode(&m); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return MapUnmarshalValidate(m, obj)
+}
+
+func (b GinYAMLBinding) Name() string {
+	return "yaml"
+}
+
+func (b GinYAMLBinding) Bind(req *http.Request, obj any) error {
+	m := make(map[string]any)
+	if err := yaml.NewDecoder(NewSubstituteEnvReader(req.Body)).Decode(&m); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return MapUnmarshalValidate(m, obj)
+}
diff --git a/internal/serialization/gin_binding_test.go b/internal/serialization/gin_binding_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d7f8830e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/serialization/gin_binding_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+package serialization_test
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"net/http/httptest"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/yusing/godoxy/internal/serialization"
+	gperr "github.com/yusing/goutils/errs"
+)
+
+type TestStruct struct {
+	Value  string `json:"value"`
+	Value2 int    `json:"value2"`
+}
+
+func (t *TestStruct) Validate() gperr.Error {
+	if t.Value == "" {
+		return gperr.New("value is required")
+	}
+	if t.Value2 != 0 && (t.Value2 < 5 || t.Value2 > 10) {
+		return gperr.New("value2 must be between 5 and 10")
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func TestGinBinding(t *testing.T) {
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name    string
+		input   string
+		wantErr bool
+	}{
+		{"valid1", `{"value": "test", "value2": 7}`, false},
+		{"valid2", `{"value": "test"}`, false},
+		{"invalid1", `{"value2": 7}`, true},
+		{"invalid2", `{"value": "test", "value2": 3}`, true},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			var dst TestStruct
+			body := bytes.NewBufferString(tt.input)
+			req := httptest.NewRequest("POST", "/", body)
+			err := serialization.GinJSONBinding{}.Bind(req, &dst)
+			if (err != nil) != tt.wantErr {
+				t.Errorf("%s: Bind() error = %v, wantErr %v", tt.name, err, tt.wantErr)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
diff --git a/internal/serialization/reader.go b/internal/serialization/reader.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b44ee3cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/serialization/reader.go
@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+package serialization
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"io"
+)
+
+type SubstituteEnvReader struct {
+	reader io.Reader
+	buf    []byte // buffered data with substitutions applied
+	err    error  // sticky error
+}
+
+func NewSubstituteEnvReader(reader io.Reader) *SubstituteEnvReader {
+	return &SubstituteEnvReader{reader: reader}
+}
+
+const peekSize = 4096
+const maxVarNameLength = 256
+
+func (r *SubstituteEnvReader) Read(p []byte) (n int, err error) {
+	// Return buffered data first
+	if len(r.buf) > 0 {
+		n = copy(p, r.buf)
+		r.buf = r.buf[n:]
+		return n, nil
+	}
+
+	// Return sticky error if we have one
+	if r.err != nil {
+		return 0, r.err
+	}
+
+	var buf [2 * peekSize]byte
+
+	// Read a chunk from the underlying reader
+	chunk, more := buf[:peekSize], buf[peekSize:]
+	nRead, readErr := r.reader.Read(chunk)
+	if nRead == 0 {
+		if readErr != nil {
+			return 0, readErr
+		}
+		return 0, io.EOF
+	}
+	chunk = chunk[:nRead]
+
+	// Check if there's a potential incomplete pattern at the end
+	// Pattern: ${VAR_NAME}
+	// We need to check if chunk ends with a partial pattern like "$", "${", "${VAR", etc.
+	incompleteStart := findIncompletePatternStart(chunk)
+
+	if incompleteStart >= 0 && readErr == nil {
+		// There might be an incomplete pattern, read more to complete it
+		incomplete := chunk[incompleteStart:]
+		chunk = chunk[:incompleteStart]
+
+		// Keep reading until we complete the pattern or hit EOF/error
+		for {
+			// Limit how much we buffer to prevent memory exhaustion
+			if len(incomplete) > maxVarNameLength+3 { // ${} + var name
+				// Pattern too long to be valid, give up and process as-is
+				chunk = append(chunk, incomplete...)
+				break
+			}
+			nMore, moreErr := r.reader.Read(more)
+			if nMore > 0 {
+				incomplete = append(incomplete, more[:nMore]...)
+				// Check if pattern is now complete
+				if idx := bytes.IndexByte(incomplete, '}'); idx >= 0 {
+					// Pattern complete, append the rest back to chunk
+					chunk = append(chunk, incomplete...)
+					break
+				}
+			}
+			if moreErr != nil {
+				// No more data, append whatever we have
+				chunk = append(chunk, incomplete...)
+				readErr = moreErr
+				break
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	substituted, subErr := substituteEnv(chunk)
+	if subErr != nil {
+		r.err = subErr
+		return 0, subErr
+	}
+
+	n = copy(p, substituted)
+	if n < len(substituted) {
+		// Buffer the rest
+		r.buf = substituted[n:]
+	}
+
+	// Store sticky error for next read
+	if readErr != nil && readErr != io.EOF {
+		r.err = readErr
+	} else {
+		if readErr == io.EOF && n > 0 {
+			return n, nil
+		}
+		if readErr == io.EOF {
+			return n, io.EOF
+		}
+	}
+
+	return n, nil
+}
+
+// findIncompletePatternStart returns the index where an incomplete ${...} pattern starts,
+// or -1 if there's no incomplete pattern at the end.
+func findIncompletePatternStart(data []byte) int {
+	// Look for '$' near the end that might be start of ${VAR}
+	// Maximum var name we reasonably expect + "${}" = ~256 chars
+	searchStart := max(0, len(data)-maxVarNameLength)
+
+	for i := len(data) - 1; i >= searchStart; i-- {
+		if data[i] == '$' {
+			// Check if this is a complete pattern or incomplete
+			if i+1 >= len(data) {
+				// Just "$" at end
+				return i
+			}
+			if data[i+1] == '{' {
+				// Check if there's anything after "${"
+				if i+2 >= len(data) {
+					// Just "${" at end
+					return i
+				}
+				// Check if pattern is complete by looking for '}'
+				for j := i + 2; j < len(data); j++ {
+					if data[j] == '}' {
+						// This pattern is complete, continue searching for another
+						break
+					}
+					if j == len(data)-1 {
+						// Reached end without finding '}', incomplete pattern
+						return i
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return -1
+}
diff --git a/internal/serialization/reader_bench_test.go b/internal/serialization/reader_bench_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7a415b6d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/serialization/reader_bench_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,286 @@
+package serialization
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"io"
+	"os"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+// setupEnv sets up environment variables for benchmarks
+func setupEnv(b *testing.B) {
+	b.Helper()
+	os.Setenv("BENCH_VAR", "benchmark_value")
+	os.Setenv("BENCH_VAR_2", "second_value")
+	os.Setenv("BENCH_VAR_3", "third_value")
+}
+
+// cleanupEnv cleans up environment variables after benchmarks
+func cleanupEnv(b *testing.B) {
+	b.Helper()
+	os.Unsetenv("BENCH_VAR")
+	os.Unsetenv("BENCH_VAR_2")
+	os.Unsetenv("BENCH_VAR_3")
+}
+
+// BenchmarkSubstituteEnvReader_NoSubstitution benchmarks reading without any env substitutions
+func BenchmarkSubstituteEnvReader_NoSubstitution(b *testing.B) {
+	r := strings.NewReader(`key: value
+name: test
+data: some content here
+`)
+
+	for b.Loop() {
+		reader := NewSubstituteEnvReader(r)
+		_, err := io.ReadAll(reader)
+		if err != nil {
+			b.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		r.Seek(0, io.SeekStart)
+	}
+}
+
+// BenchmarkSubstituteEnvReader_SingleSubstitution benchmarks reading with a single env substitution
+func BenchmarkSubstituteEnvReader_SingleSubstitution(b *testing.B) {
+	setupEnv(b)
+	defer cleanupEnv(b)
+
+	r := strings.NewReader(`key: ${BENCH_VAR}
+`)
+
+	for b.Loop() {
+		reader := NewSubstituteEnvReader(r)
+		_, err := io.ReadAll(reader)
+		if err != nil {
+			b.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		r.Seek(0, io.SeekStart)
+	}
+}
+
+// BenchmarkSubstituteEnvReader_MultipleSubstitutions benchmarks reading with multiple env substitutions
+func BenchmarkSubstituteEnvReader_MultipleSubstitutions(b *testing.B) {
+	setupEnv(b)
+	defer cleanupEnv(b)
+
+	r := strings.NewReader(`key1: ${BENCH_VAR}
+key2: ${BENCH_VAR_2}
+key3: ${BENCH_VAR_3}
+`)
+
+	for b.Loop() {
+		reader := NewSubstituteEnvReader(r)
+		_, err := io.ReadAll(reader)
+		if err != nil {
+			b.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		r.Seek(0, io.SeekStart)
+	}
+}
+
+// BenchmarkSubstituteEnvReader_LargeInput_NoSubstitution benchmarks large input without substitutions
+func BenchmarkSubstituteEnvReader_LargeInput_NoSubstitution(b *testing.B) {
+	r := strings.NewReader(strings.Repeat("x", 100000))
+
+	for b.Loop() {
+		reader := NewSubstituteEnvReader(r)
+		_, err := io.ReadAll(reader)
+		if err != nil {
+			b.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		r.Seek(0, io.SeekStart)
+	}
+}
+
+// BenchmarkSubstituteEnvReader_LargeInput_WithSubstitutions benchmarks large input with scattered substitutions
+func BenchmarkSubstituteEnvReader_LargeInput_WithSubstitutions(b *testing.B) {
+	setupEnv(b)
+	defer cleanupEnv(b)
+
+	var builder bytes.Buffer
+	for range 100 {
+		builder.WriteString(strings.Repeat("x", 1000))
+		builder.WriteString("${BENCH_VAR}")
+	}
+	r := bytes.NewReader(builder.Bytes())
+
+	for b.Loop() {
+		reader := NewSubstituteEnvReader(r)
+		_, err := io.ReadAll(reader)
+		if err != nil {
+			b.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		r.Seek(0, io.SeekStart)
+	}
+}
+
+// BenchmarkSubstituteEnvReader_SmallBuffer benchmarks reading with a small buffer size
+func BenchmarkSubstituteEnvReader_SmallBuffer(b *testing.B) {
+	setupEnv(b)
+	defer cleanupEnv(b)
+
+	r := strings.NewReader(`key: ${BENCH_VAR} and some more content here`)
+	buf := make([]byte, 16)
+
+	for b.Loop() {
+		reader := NewSubstituteEnvReader(r)
+		for {
+			_, err := reader.Read(buf)
+			if err == io.EOF {
+				break
+			}
+			if err != nil {
+				b.Fatal(err)
+			}
+		}
+		r.Seek(0, io.SeekStart)
+	}
+}
+
+// BenchmarkSubstituteEnvReader_YAMLConfig benchmarks a realistic YAML config scenario
+func BenchmarkSubstituteEnvReader_YAMLConfig(b *testing.B) {
+	setupEnv(b)
+	defer cleanupEnv(b)
+
+	r := strings.NewReader(`database:
+  host: ${BENCH_VAR}
+  port: ${BENCH_VAR_2}
+  username: ${BENCH_VAR_3}
+  password: ${BENCH_VAR}
+cache:
+  enabled: true
+  ttl: ${BENCH_VAR_2}
+server:
+  host: ${BENCH_VAR}
+  port: 8080
+`)
+
+	b.ResetTimer()
+	for b.Loop() {
+		reader := NewSubstituteEnvReader(r)
+		_, err := io.ReadAll(reader)
+		if err != nil {
+			b.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		r.Seek(0, io.SeekStart)
+	}
+}
+
+// BenchmarkSubstituteEnvReader_BoundaryPattern benchmarks patterns at buffer boundaries (4096 bytes)
+func BenchmarkSubstituteEnvReader_BoundaryPattern(b *testing.B) {
+	setupEnv(b)
+	defer cleanupEnv(b)
+
+	// Pattern exactly at 4090 bytes, with ${VAR} crossing the 4096 boundary
+	prefix := strings.Repeat("x", 4090)
+	r := strings.NewReader(prefix + "${BENCH_VAR}")
+
+	for b.Loop() {
+		reader := NewSubstituteEnvReader(r)
+		_, err := io.ReadAll(reader)
+		if err != nil {
+			b.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		r.Seek(0, io.SeekStart)
+	}
+}
+
+// BenchmarkSubstituteEnvReader_MultipleBoundaries benchmarks multiple patterns crossing boundaries
+func BenchmarkSubstituteEnvReader_MultipleBoundaries(b *testing.B) {
+	setupEnv(b)
+	defer cleanupEnv(b)
+
+	var builder bytes.Buffer
+	for range 10 {
+		builder.WriteString(strings.Repeat("x", 4000))
+		builder.WriteString("${BENCH_VAR}")
+	}
+	r := bytes.NewReader(builder.Bytes())
+
+	for b.Loop() {
+		reader := NewSubstituteEnvReader(r)
+		_, err := io.ReadAll(reader)
+		if err != nil {
+			b.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		r.Seek(0, io.SeekStart)
+	}
+}
+
+// BenchmarkSubstituteEnvReader_SpecialChars benchmarks substitution with special characters
+func BenchmarkSubstituteEnvReader_SpecialChars(b *testing.B) {
+	os.Setenv("SPECIAL_BENCH_VAR", `value with "quotes" and \backslash\`)
+	defer os.Unsetenv("SPECIAL_BENCH_VAR")
+
+	r := strings.NewReader(`key: ${SPECIAL_BENCH_VAR}
+`)
+
+	for b.Loop() {
+		reader := NewSubstituteEnvReader(r)
+		_, err := io.ReadAll(reader)
+		if err != nil {
+			b.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		r.Seek(0, io.SeekStart)
+	}
+}
+
+// BenchmarkSubstituteEnvReader_EmptyValue benchmarks substitution with empty value
+func BenchmarkSubstituteEnvReader_EmptyValue(b *testing.B) {
+	os.Setenv("EMPTY_BENCH_VAR", "")
+	defer os.Unsetenv("EMPTY_BENCH_VAR")
+
+	r := strings.NewReader(`key: ${EMPTY_BENCH_VAR}
+`)
+
+	for b.Loop() {
+		reader := NewSubstituteEnvReader(r)
+		_, err := io.ReadAll(reader)
+		if err != nil {
+			b.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		r.Seek(0, io.SeekStart)
+	}
+}
+
+// BenchmarkSubstituteEnvReader_DollarWithoutBrace benchmarks $ without following {
+func BenchmarkSubstituteEnvReader_DollarWithoutBrace(b *testing.B) {
+	os.Setenv("BENCH_VAR", "benchmark_value")
+	defer os.Unsetenv("BENCH_VAR")
+
+	r := strings.NewReader(`price: $100 and $200 for ${BENCH_VAR}`)
+
+	for b.Loop() {
+		reader := NewSubstituteEnvReader(r)
+		_, err := io.ReadAll(reader)
+		if err != nil {
+			b.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		r.Seek(0, io.SeekStart)
+	}
+}
+
+// BenchmarkFindIncompletePatternStart benchmarks the findIncompletePatternStart function
+func BenchmarkFindIncompletePatternStart(b *testing.B) {
+	testCases := []struct {
+		name  string
+		input string
+	}{
+		{"no pattern", strings.Repeat("hello world ", 100)},
+		{"complete pattern", strings.Repeat("hello ${VAR} world ", 50)},
+		{"dollar at end", strings.Repeat("hello ", 100) + "$"},
+		{"incomplete at end", strings.Repeat("hello ", 100) + "${VAR"},
+		{"large input no pattern", strings.Repeat("x", 5000)},
+		{"large input with pattern", strings.Repeat("x", 4000) + "${VAR}"},
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range testCases {
+		b.Run(tc.name, func(b *testing.B) {
+			data := []byte(tc.input)
+			for b.Loop() {
+				findIncompletePatternStart(data)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
diff --git a/internal/serialization/reader_test.go b/internal/serialization/reader_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2d9f6961
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/serialization/reader_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,217 @@
+package serialization
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"io"
+	"os"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func TestSubstituteEnvReader_Basic(t *testing.T) {
+	os.Setenv("TEST_VAR", "hello")
+	defer os.Unsetenv("TEST_VAR")
+
+	input := []byte(`key: ${TEST_VAR}`)
+	reader := NewSubstituteEnvReader(bytes.NewReader(input))
+
+	output, err := io.ReadAll(reader)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, `key: "hello"`, string(output))
+}
+
+func TestSubstituteEnvReader_Multiple(t *testing.T) {
+	os.Setenv("VAR1", "first")
+	os.Setenv("VAR2", "second")
+	defer os.Unsetenv("VAR1")
+	defer os.Unsetenv("VAR2")
+
+	input := []byte(`a: ${VAR1}, b: ${VAR2}`)
+	reader := NewSubstituteEnvReader(bytes.NewReader(input))
+
+	output, err := io.ReadAll(reader)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, `a: "first", b: "second"`, string(output))
+}
+
+func TestSubstituteEnvReader_NoSubstitution(t *testing.T) {
+	input := []byte(`key: value`)
+	reader := NewSubstituteEnvReader(bytes.NewReader(input))
+
+	output, err := io.ReadAll(reader)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, `key: value`, string(output))
+}
+
+func TestSubstituteEnvReader_UnsetEnvError(t *testing.T) {
+	os.Unsetenv("UNSET_VAR_FOR_TEST")
+
+	input := []byte(`key: ${UNSET_VAR_FOR_TEST}`)
+	reader := NewSubstituteEnvReader(bytes.NewReader(input))
+
+	_, err := io.ReadAll(reader)
+	require.Error(t, err)
+	require.Contains(t, err.Error(), "UNSET_VAR_FOR_TEST is not set")
+}
+
+func TestSubstituteEnvReader_SmallBuffer(t *testing.T) {
+	os.Setenv("SMALL_BUF_VAR", "value")
+	defer os.Unsetenv("SMALL_BUF_VAR")
+
+	input := []byte(`key: ${SMALL_BUF_VAR}`)
+	reader := NewSubstituteEnvReader(bytes.NewReader(input))
+
+	var result []byte
+	buf := make([]byte, 3)
+	for {
+		n, err := reader.Read(buf)
+		if n > 0 {
+			result = append(result, buf[:n]...)
+		}
+		if err == io.EOF {
+			break
+		}
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+	}
+	require.Equal(t, `key: "value"`, string(result))
+}
+
+func TestSubstituteEnvReader_SpecialChars(t *testing.T) {
+	os.Setenv("SPECIAL_VAR", `hello "world" \n`)
+	defer os.Unsetenv("SPECIAL_VAR")
+
+	input := []byte(`key: ${SPECIAL_VAR}`)
+	reader := NewSubstituteEnvReader(bytes.NewReader(input))
+
+	output, err := io.ReadAll(reader)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, `key: "hello \"world\" \\n"`, string(output))
+}
+
+func TestSubstituteEnvReader_EmptyValue(t *testing.T) {
+	os.Setenv("EMPTY_VAR", "")
+	defer os.Unsetenv("EMPTY_VAR")
+
+	input := []byte(`key: ${EMPTY_VAR}`)
+	reader := NewSubstituteEnvReader(bytes.NewReader(input))
+
+	output, err := io.ReadAll(reader)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, `key: ""`, string(output))
+}
+
+func TestSubstituteEnvReader_LargeInput(t *testing.T) {
+	os.Setenv("LARGE_VAR", "replaced")
+	defer os.Unsetenv("LARGE_VAR")
+
+	prefix := strings.Repeat("x", 5000)
+	suffix := strings.Repeat("y", 5000)
+	input := []byte(prefix + "${LARGE_VAR}" + suffix)
+
+	reader := NewSubstituteEnvReader(bytes.NewReader(input))
+
+	output, err := io.ReadAll(reader)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	expected := prefix + `"replaced"` + suffix
+	require.Equal(t, expected, string(output))
+}
+
+func TestSubstituteEnvReader_PatternAtBoundary(t *testing.T) {
+	os.Setenv("BOUNDARY_VAR", "boundary_value")
+	defer os.Unsetenv("BOUNDARY_VAR")
+
+	prefix := strings.Repeat("a", 4090)
+	input := []byte(prefix + "${BOUNDARY_VAR}")
+
+	reader := NewSubstituteEnvReader(bytes.NewReader(input))
+
+	output, err := io.ReadAll(reader)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	expected := prefix + `"boundary_value"`
+	require.Equal(t, expected, string(output))
+}
+
+func TestSubstituteEnvReader_MultiplePatternsBoundary(t *testing.T) {
+	os.Setenv("VAR_A", "aaa")
+	os.Setenv("VAR_B", "bbb")
+	defer os.Unsetenv("VAR_A")
+	defer os.Unsetenv("VAR_B")
+
+	prefix := strings.Repeat("x", 4090)
+	input := []byte(prefix + "${VAR_A} middle ${VAR_B}")
+
+	reader := NewSubstituteEnvReader(bytes.NewReader(input))
+
+	output, err := io.ReadAll(reader)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	expected := prefix + `"aaa" middle "bbb"`
+	require.Equal(t, expected, string(output))
+}
+
+func TestSubstituteEnvReader_YAMLConfig(t *testing.T) {
+	os.Setenv("DB_HOST", "localhost")
+	os.Setenv("DB_PORT", "5432")
+	os.Setenv("DB_PASSWORD", "secret123")
+	defer os.Unsetenv("DB_HOST")
+	defer os.Unsetenv("DB_PORT")
+	defer os.Unsetenv("DB_PASSWORD")
+
+	input := []byte(`database:
+  host: ${DB_HOST}
+  port: ${DB_PORT}
+  password: ${DB_PASSWORD}
+`)
+	reader := NewSubstituteEnvReader(bytes.NewReader(input))
+
+	output, err := io.ReadAll(reader)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	expected := `database:
+  host: "localhost"
+  port: "5432"
+  password: "secret123"
+`
+	require.Equal(t, expected, string(output))
+}
+
+func TestSubstituteEnvReader_DollarWithoutBrace(t *testing.T) {
+	input := []byte(`key: $NOT_A_PATTERN`)
+	reader := NewSubstituteEnvReader(bytes.NewReader(input))
+
+	output, err := io.ReadAll(reader)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, `key: $NOT_A_PATTERN`, string(output))
+}
+
+func TestSubstituteEnvReader_EmptyInput(t *testing.T) {
+	input := []byte(``)
+	reader := NewSubstituteEnvReader(bytes.NewReader(input))
+
+	output, err := io.ReadAll(reader)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, ``, string(output))
+}
+
+func TestFindIncompletePatternStart(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name     string
+		input    string
+		expected int
+	}{
+		{"no pattern", "hello world", -1},
+		{"complete pattern", "hello ${VAR} world", -1},
+		{"dollar at end", "hello $", 6},
+		{"dollar brace at end", "hello ${", 6},
+		{"incomplete var at end", "hello ${VAR", 6},
+		{"complete then incomplete", "hello ${VAR} ${INCOMPLETE", 13},
+		{"multiple complete", "${A} ${B} ${C}", -1},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			result := findIncompletePatternStart([]byte(tt.input))
+			require.Equal(t, tt.expected, result)
+		})
+	}
+}