diff --git a/internal/api/v1/cert/renew.go b/internal/api/v1/cert/renew.go
index 816e458a..d81e2562 100644
--- a/internal/api/v1/cert/renew.go
+++ b/internal/api/v1/cert/renew.go
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/yusing/godoxy/internal/autocert"
 	"github.com/yusing/godoxy/internal/logging/memlogger"
 	apitypes "github.com/yusing/goutils/apitypes"
-	gperr "github.com/yusing/goutils/errs"
 	"github.com/yusing/goutils/http/websocket"
 )
 
@@ -40,33 +39,33 @@ func Renew(c *gin.Context) {
 	logs, cancel := memlogger.Events()
 	defer cancel()
 
-	done := make(chan struct{})
-
 	go func() {
-		defer close(done)
+		// Stream logs until WebSocket connection closes (renewal runs in background)
+		for {
+			select {
+			case <-manager.Context().Done():
+				return
+			case l := <-logs:
+				if err != nil {
+					return
+				}
 
-		err = autocert.ObtainCert()
-		if err != nil {
-			gperr.LogError("failed to obtain cert", err)
-			_ = manager.WriteData(websocket.TextMessage, []byte(err.Error()), 10*time.Second)
-		} else {
-			log.Info().Msg("cert obtained successfully")
+				err = manager.WriteData(websocket.TextMessage, l, 10*time.Second)
+				if err != nil {
+					return
+				}
+			}
 		}
 	}()
 
-	for {
-		select {
-		case l := <-logs:
-			if err != nil {
-				return
-			}
-
-			err = manager.WriteData(websocket.TextMessage, l, 10*time.Second)
-			if err != nil {
-				return
-			}
-		case <-done:
-			return
-		}
+	// renewal happens in background
+	ok := autocert.ForceExpiryAll()
+	if !ok {
+		log.Error().Msg("cert renewal already in progress")
+		time.Sleep(1 * time.Second) // wait for the log above to be sent
+		return
 	}
+	log.Info().Msg("cert force renewal requested")
+
+	autocert.WaitRenewalDone(manager.Context())
 }
diff --git a/internal/autocert/config.go b/internal/autocert/config.go
index 43e2aa70..b1f035e3 100644
--- a/internal/autocert/config.go
+++ b/internal/autocert/config.go
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import (
 	"crypto/elliptic"
 	"crypto/rand"
 	"crypto/x509"
+	"fmt"
 	"net/http"
 	"os"
 	"regexp"
@@ -19,13 +20,14 @@ import (
 	strutils "github.com/yusing/goutils/strings"
 )
 
+type ConfigExtra Config
 type Config struct {
 	Email       string                       `json:"email,omitempty"`
 	Domains     []string                     `json:"domains,omitempty"`
 	CertPath    string                       `json:"cert_path,omitempty"`
 	KeyPath     string                       `json:"key_path,omitempty"`
-	Extra       []Config                     `json:"extra,omitempty"`
-	ACMEKeyPath string                       `json:"acme_key_path,omitempty"`
+	Extra       []ConfigExtra                `json:"extra,omitempty"`
+	ACMEKeyPath string                       `json:"acme_key_path,omitempty"` // shared by all extra providers
 	Provider    string                       `json:"provider,omitempty"`
 	Options     map[string]strutils.Redacted `json:"options,omitempty"`
 
@@ -42,15 +44,12 @@ type Config struct {
 	HTTPClient *http.Client `json:"-"` // for tests only
 
 	challengeProvider challenge.Provider
+
+	idx int // 0: main, 1+: extra[i]
 }
 
 var (
-	ErrMissingDomain   = gperr.New("missing field 'domains'")
-	ErrMissingEmail    = gperr.New("missing field 'email'")
-	ErrMissingProvider = gperr.New("missing field 'provider'")
-	ErrMissingCADirURL = gperr.New("missing field 'ca_dir_url'")
-	ErrMissingCertPath = gperr.New("missing field 'cert_path'")
-	ErrMissingKeyPath  = gperr.New("missing field 'key_path'")
+	ErrMissingField    = gperr.New("missing field")
 	ErrDuplicatedPath  = gperr.New("duplicated path")
 	ErrInvalidDomain   = gperr.New("invalid domain")
 	ErrUnknownProvider = gperr.New("unknown provider")
@@ -66,95 +65,22 @@ var domainOrWildcardRE = regexp.MustCompile(`^\*?([^.]+\.)+[^.]+$`)
 
 // Validate implements the utils.CustomValidator interface.
 func (cfg *Config) Validate() gperr.Error {
-	if cfg == nil {
-		return nil
-	}
+	seenPaths := make(map[string]int) // path -> provider idx (0 for main, 1+ for extras)
+	return cfg.validate(seenPaths)
+}
 
+func (cfg *ConfigExtra) Validate() gperr.Error {
+	return nil // done by main config's validate
+}
+
+func (cfg *ConfigExtra) AsConfig() *Config {
+	return (*Config)(cfg)
+}
+
+func (cfg *Config) validate(seenPaths map[string]int) gperr.Error {
 	if cfg.Provider == "" {
 		cfg.Provider = ProviderLocal
 	}
-
-	b := gperr.NewBuilder("autocert errors")
-	if len(cfg.Extra) > 0 {
-		seenCertPaths := make(map[string]int, len(cfg.Extra))
-		seenKeyPaths := make(map[string]int, len(cfg.Extra))
-		for i := range cfg.Extra {
-			if cfg.Extra[i].CertPath == "" {
-				b.Add(ErrMissingCertPath.Subjectf("extra[%d].cert_path", i))
-			}
-			if cfg.Extra[i].KeyPath == "" {
-				b.Add(ErrMissingKeyPath.Subjectf("extra[%d].key_path", i))
-			}
-			if cfg.Extra[i].CertPath != "" {
-				if first, ok := seenCertPaths[cfg.Extra[i].CertPath]; ok {
-					b.Add(ErrDuplicatedPath.Subjectf("extra[%d].cert_path", i).Withf("first: %d", first))
-				} else {
-					seenCertPaths[cfg.Extra[i].CertPath] = i
-				}
-			}
-			if cfg.Extra[i].KeyPath != "" {
-				if first, ok := seenKeyPaths[cfg.Extra[i].KeyPath]; ok {
-					b.Add(ErrDuplicatedPath.Subjectf("extra[%d].key_path", i).Withf("first: %d", first))
-				} else {
-					seenKeyPaths[cfg.Extra[i].KeyPath] = i
-				}
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-	if cfg.Provider == ProviderCustom && cfg.CADirURL == "" {
-		b.Add(ErrMissingCADirURL)
-	}
-
-	if cfg.Provider != ProviderLocal && cfg.Provider != ProviderPseudo {
-		if len(cfg.Domains) == 0 {
-			b.Add(ErrMissingDomain)
-		}
-		if cfg.Email == "" {
-			b.Add(ErrMissingEmail)
-		}
-		if cfg.Provider != ProviderCustom {
-			for i, d := range cfg.Domains {
-				if !domainOrWildcardRE.MatchString(d) {
-					b.Add(ErrInvalidDomain.Subjectf("domains[%d]", i))
-				}
-			}
-		}
-		// check if provider is implemented
-		providerConstructor, ok := Providers[cfg.Provider]
-		if !ok {
-			if cfg.Provider != ProviderCustom {
-				b.Add(ErrUnknownProvider.
-					Subject(cfg.Provider).
-					With(gperr.DoYouMeanField(cfg.Provider, Providers)))
-			}
-		} else {
-			provider, err := providerConstructor(cfg.Options)
-			if err != nil {
-				b.Add(err)
-			} else {
-				cfg.challengeProvider = provider
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-	if cfg.challengeProvider == nil {
-		cfg.challengeProvider, _ = Providers[ProviderLocal](nil)
-	}
-	return b.Error()
-}
-
-func (cfg *Config) dns01Options() []dns01.ChallengeOption {
-	return []dns01.ChallengeOption{
-		dns01.CondOption(len(cfg.Resolvers) > 0, dns01.AddRecursiveNameservers(cfg.Resolvers)),
-	}
-}
-
-func (cfg *Config) GetLegoConfig() (*User, *lego.Config, gperr.Error) {
-	if err := cfg.Validate(); err != nil {
-		return nil, nil, err
-	}
-
 	if cfg.CertPath == "" {
 		cfg.CertPath = CertFileDefault
 	}
@@ -165,6 +91,83 @@ func (cfg *Config) GetLegoConfig() (*User, *lego.Config, gperr.Error) {
 		cfg.ACMEKeyPath = ACMEKeyFileDefault
 	}
 
+	b := gperr.NewBuilder("certificate error")
+
+	// check if cert_path is unique
+	if first, ok := seenPaths[cfg.CertPath]; ok {
+		b.Add(ErrDuplicatedPath.Subjectf("cert_path %s", cfg.CertPath).Withf("first seen in %s", fmt.Sprintf("extra[%d]", first)))
+	} else {
+		seenPaths[cfg.CertPath] = cfg.idx
+	}
+
+	// check if key_path is unique
+	if first, ok := seenPaths[cfg.KeyPath]; ok {
+		b.Add(ErrDuplicatedPath.Subjectf("key_path %s", cfg.KeyPath).Withf("first seen in %s", fmt.Sprintf("extra[%d]", first)))
+	} else {
+		seenPaths[cfg.KeyPath] = cfg.idx
+	}
+
+	if cfg.Provider == ProviderCustom && cfg.CADirURL == "" {
+		b.Add(ErrMissingField.Subject("ca_dir_url"))
+	}
+
+	if cfg.Provider != ProviderLocal && cfg.Provider != ProviderPseudo {
+		if len(cfg.Domains) == 0 {
+			b.Add(ErrMissingField.Subject("domains"))
+		}
+		if cfg.Email == "" {
+			b.Add(ErrMissingField.Subject("email"))
+		}
+		if cfg.Provider != ProviderCustom {
+			for i, d := range cfg.Domains {
+				if !domainOrWildcardRE.MatchString(d) {
+					b.Add(ErrInvalidDomain.Subjectf("domains[%d]", i))
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// check if provider is implemented
+	providerConstructor, ok := Providers[cfg.Provider]
+	if !ok {
+		if cfg.Provider != ProviderCustom {
+			b.Add(ErrUnknownProvider.
+				Subject(cfg.Provider).
+				With(gperr.DoYouMeanField(cfg.Provider, Providers)))
+		}
+	} else {
+		provider, err := providerConstructor(cfg.Options)
+		if err != nil {
+			b.Add(err)
+		} else {
+			cfg.challengeProvider = provider
+		}
+	}
+
+	if cfg.challengeProvider == nil {
+		cfg.challengeProvider, _ = Providers[ProviderLocal](nil)
+	}
+
+	if len(cfg.Extra) > 0 {
+		for i := range cfg.Extra {
+			cfg.Extra[i] = MergeExtraConfig(cfg, &cfg.Extra[i])
+			cfg.Extra[i].AsConfig().idx = i + 1
+			err := cfg.Extra[i].AsConfig().validate(seenPaths)
+			if err != nil {
+				b.Add(err.Subjectf("extra[%d]", i))
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return b.Error()
+}
+
+func (cfg *Config) dns01Options() []dns01.ChallengeOption {
+	return []dns01.ChallengeOption{
+		dns01.CondOption(len(cfg.Resolvers) > 0, dns01.AddRecursiveNameservers(cfg.Resolvers)),
+	}
+}
+
+func (cfg *Config) GetLegoConfig() (*User, *lego.Config, error) {
 	var privKey *ecdsa.PrivateKey
 	var err error
 
@@ -208,6 +211,46 @@ func (cfg *Config) GetLegoConfig() (*User, *lego.Config, gperr.Error) {
 	return user, legoCfg, nil
 }
 
+func MergeExtraConfig(mainCfg *Config, extraCfg *ConfigExtra) ConfigExtra {
+	merged := ConfigExtra(*mainCfg)
+	merged.Extra = nil
+	merged.CertPath = extraCfg.CertPath
+	merged.KeyPath = extraCfg.KeyPath
+	// NOTE: Using same ACME key as main provider
+
+	if extraCfg.Provider != "" {
+		merged.Provider = extraCfg.Provider
+	}
+	if extraCfg.Email != "" {
+		merged.Email = extraCfg.Email
+	}
+	if len(extraCfg.Domains) > 0 {
+		merged.Domains = extraCfg.Domains
+	}
+	if len(extraCfg.Options) > 0 {
+		merged.Options = extraCfg.Options
+	}
+	if len(extraCfg.Resolvers) > 0 {
+		merged.Resolvers = extraCfg.Resolvers
+	}
+	if extraCfg.CADirURL != "" {
+		merged.CADirURL = extraCfg.CADirURL
+	}
+	if len(extraCfg.CACerts) > 0 {
+		merged.CACerts = extraCfg.CACerts
+	}
+	if extraCfg.EABKid != "" {
+		merged.EABKid = extraCfg.EABKid
+	}
+	if extraCfg.EABHmac != "" {
+		merged.EABHmac = extraCfg.EABHmac
+	}
+	if extraCfg.HTTPClient != nil {
+		merged.HTTPClient = extraCfg.HTTPClient
+	}
+	return merged
+}
+
 func (cfg *Config) LoadACMEKey() (*ecdsa.PrivateKey, error) {
 	if common.IsTest {
 		return nil, os.ErrNotExist
diff --git a/internal/autocert/config_test.go b/internal/autocert/config_test.go
index 58782366..6bb53de1 100644
--- a/internal/autocert/config_test.go
+++ b/internal/autocert/config_test.go
@@ -1,27 +1,32 @@
-package autocert
+package autocert_test
 
 import (
 	"fmt"
 	"testing"
 
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+	"github.com/yusing/godoxy/internal/autocert"
+	"github.com/yusing/godoxy/internal/dnsproviders"
 	"github.com/yusing/godoxy/internal/serialization"
 )
 
 func TestEABConfigRequired(t *testing.T) {
+	dnsproviders.InitProviders()
+
 	tests := []struct {
 		name    string
-		cfg     *Config
+		cfg     *autocert.Config
 		wantErr bool
 	}{
-		{name: "Missing EABKid", cfg: &Config{EABHmac: "1234567890"}, wantErr: true},
-		{name: "Missing EABHmac", cfg: &Config{EABKid: "1234567890"}, wantErr: true},
-		{name: "Valid EAB", cfg: &Config{EABKid: "1234567890", EABHmac: "1234567890"}, wantErr: false},
+		{name: "Missing EABKid", cfg: &autocert.Config{EABHmac: "1234567890"}, wantErr: true},
+		{name: "Missing EABHmac", cfg: &autocert.Config{EABKid: "1234567890"}, wantErr: true},
+		{name: "Valid EAB", cfg: &autocert.Config{EABKid: "1234567890", EABHmac: "1234567890"}, wantErr: false},
 	}
 
 	for _, test := range tests {
 		t.Run(test.name, func(t *testing.T) {
 			yaml := fmt.Appendf(nil, "eab_kid: %s\neab_hmac: %s", test.cfg.EABKid, test.cfg.EABHmac)
-			cfg := Config{}
+			cfg := autocert.Config{}
 			err := serialization.UnmarshalValidateYAML(yaml, &cfg)
 			if (err != nil) != test.wantErr {
 				t.Errorf("Validate() error = %v, wantErr %v", err, test.wantErr)
@@ -29,3 +34,27 @@ func TestEABConfigRequired(t *testing.T) {
 		})
 	}
 }
+
+func TestExtraCertKeyPathsUnique(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("duplicate cert_path rejected", func(t *testing.T) {
+		cfg := &autocert.Config{
+			Provider: autocert.ProviderLocal,
+			Extra: []autocert.ConfigExtra{
+				{CertPath: "a.crt", KeyPath: "a.key"},
+				{CertPath: "a.crt", KeyPath: "b.key"},
+			},
+		}
+		require.Error(t, cfg.Validate())
+	})
+
+	t.Run("duplicate key_path rejected", func(t *testing.T) {
+		cfg := &autocert.Config{
+			Provider: autocert.ProviderLocal,
+			Extra: []autocert.ConfigExtra{
+				{CertPath: "a.crt", KeyPath: "a.key"},
+				{CertPath: "b.crt", KeyPath: "a.key"},
+			},
+		}
+		require.Error(t, cfg.Validate())
+	})
+}
diff --git a/internal/autocert/paths.go b/internal/autocert/paths.go
index c486f061..573d51e1 100644
--- a/internal/autocert/paths.go
+++ b/internal/autocert/paths.go
@@ -5,5 +5,4 @@ const (
 	CertFileDefault    = certBasePath + "cert.crt"
 	KeyFileDefault     = certBasePath + "priv.key"
 	ACMEKeyFileDefault = certBasePath + "acme.key"
-	LastFailureFile    = certBasePath + ".last_failure"
 )
diff --git a/internal/autocert/provider.go b/internal/autocert/provider.go
index 163d6bbc..bff4e55a 100644
--- a/internal/autocert/provider.go
+++ b/internal/autocert/provider.go
@@ -1,16 +1,19 @@
 package autocert
 
 import (
+	"context"
 	"crypto/sha256"
 	"crypto/tls"
 	"crypto/x509"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
+	"io/fs"
 	"maps"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"slices"
 	"strings"
+	"sync"
 	"sync/atomic"
 	"time"
 
@@ -28,6 +31,8 @@ import (
 
 type (
 	Provider struct {
+		logger zerolog.Logger
+
 		cfg         *Config
 		user        *User
 		legoCfg     *lego.Config
@@ -42,12 +47,18 @@ type (
 
 		extraProviders []*Provider
 		sniMatcher     sniMatcher
+
+		forceRenewalCh     chan struct{}
+		forceRenewalDoneCh atomic.Value // chan struct{}
+
+		scheduleRenewalOnce sync.Once
 	}
 
 	CertExpiries map[string]time.Time
+	RenewMode    uint8
 )
 
-var ErrGetCertFailure = errors.New("get certificate failed")
+var ErrNoCertificate = errors.New("no certificate found")
 
 const (
 	// renew failed for whatever reason, 1 hour cooldown
@@ -56,21 +67,36 @@ const (
 	requestCooldownDuration = 15 * time.Second
 )
 
+const (
+	renewModeForce = iota
+	renewModeIfNeeded
+)
+
 // could be nil
 var ActiveProvider atomic.Pointer[Provider]
 
-func NewProvider(cfg *Config, user *User, legoCfg *lego.Config) *Provider {
-	return &Provider{
+func NewProvider(cfg *Config, user *User, legoCfg *lego.Config) (*Provider, error) {
+	p := &Provider{
 		cfg:             cfg,
 		user:            user,
 		legoCfg:         legoCfg,
 		lastFailureFile: lastFailureFileFor(cfg.CertPath, cfg.KeyPath),
+		forceRenewalCh:  make(chan struct{}, 1),
 	}
+	if cfg.idx == 0 {
+		p.logger = log.With().Str("provider", "main").Logger()
+	} else {
+		p.logger = log.With().Str("provider", fmt.Sprintf("extra[%d]", cfg.idx)).Logger()
+	}
+	if err := p.setupExtraProviders(); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return p, nil
 }
 
 func (p *Provider) GetCert(hello *tls.ClientHelloInfo) (*tls.Certificate, error) {
 	if p.tlsCert == nil {
-		return nil, ErrGetCertFailure
+		return nil, ErrNoCertificate
 	}
 	if hello == nil || hello.ServerName == "" {
 		return p.tlsCert, nil
@@ -82,7 +108,14 @@ func (p *Provider) GetCert(hello *tls.ClientHelloInfo) (*tls.Certificate, error)
 }
 
 func (p *Provider) GetName() string {
-	return p.cfg.Provider
+	if p.cfg.idx == 0 {
+		return "main"
+	}
+	return fmt.Sprintf("extra[%d]", p.cfg.idx)
+}
+
+func (p *Provider) fmtError(err error) error {
+	return gperr.PrependSubject(fmt.Sprintf("provider: %s", p.GetName()), err)
 }
 
 func (p *Provider) GetCertPath() string {
@@ -129,45 +162,88 @@ func (p *Provider) ClearLastFailure() error {
 		return nil
 	}
 	p.lastFailure = time.Time{}
-	return os.Remove(p.lastFailureFile)
+	err := os.Remove(p.lastFailureFile)
+	if err != nil && !errors.Is(err, fs.ErrNotExist) {
+		return err
+	}
+	return nil
 }
 
-func (p *Provider) ObtainCert() error {
-	if len(p.extraProviders) > 0 {
-		errs := gperr.NewGroup("autocert errors")
-		errs.Go(p.obtainCertSelf)
-		for _, ep := range p.extraProviders {
-			errs.Go(ep.obtainCertSelf)
-		}
-		if err := errs.Wait().Error(); err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		p.rebuildSNIMatcher()
+// allProviders returns all providers including this provider and all extra providers.
+func (p *Provider) allProviders() []*Provider {
+	return append([]*Provider{p}, p.extraProviders...)
+}
+
+// ObtainCertIfNotExistsAll obtains a new certificate for this provider and all extra providers if they do not exist.
+func (p *Provider) ObtainCertIfNotExistsAll() error {
+	errs := gperr.NewGroup("obtain cert error")
+
+	for _, provider := range p.allProviders() {
+		errs.Go(func() error {
+			if err := provider.obtainCertIfNotExists(); err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("failed to obtain cert for %s: %w", provider.GetName(), err)
+			}
+			return nil
+		})
+	}
+
+	p.rebuildSNIMatcher()
+	return errs.Wait().Error()
+}
+
+// obtainCertIfNotExists obtains a new certificate for this provider if it does not exist.
+func (p *Provider) obtainCertIfNotExists() error {
+	err := p.LoadCert()
+	if err == nil {
 		return nil
 	}
-	return p.obtainCertSelf()
+
+	if !errors.Is(err, fs.ErrNotExist) {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// check last failure
+	lastFailure, err := p.GetLastFailure()
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to get last failure: %w", err)
+	}
+	if !lastFailure.IsZero() && time.Since(lastFailure) < requestCooldownDuration {
+		return fmt.Errorf("still in cooldown until %s", strutils.FormatTime(lastFailure.Add(requestCooldownDuration).Local()))
+	}
+
+	p.logger.Info().Msg("cert not found, obtaining new cert")
+	return p.ObtainCert()
 }
 
-func (p *Provider) obtainCertSelf() error {
+// ObtainCertAll renews existing certificates or obtains new certificates for this provider and all extra providers.
+func (p *Provider) ObtainCertAll() error {
+	errs := gperr.NewGroup("obtain cert error")
+	for _, provider := range p.allProviders() {
+		errs.Go(func() error {
+			if err := provider.obtainCertIfNotExists(); err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("failed to obtain cert for %s: %w", provider.GetName(), err)
+			}
+			return nil
+		})
+	}
+	return errs.Wait().Error()
+}
+
+// ObtainCert renews existing certificate or obtains a new certificate for this provider.
+func (p *Provider) ObtainCert() error {
 	if p.cfg.Provider == ProviderLocal {
 		return nil
 	}
 
 	if p.cfg.Provider == ProviderPseudo {
-		log.Info().Msg("init client for pseudo provider")
+		p.logger.Info().Msg("init client for pseudo provider")
 		<-time.After(time.Second)
-		log.Info().Msg("registering acme for pseudo provider")
+		p.logger.Info().Msg("registering acme for pseudo provider")
 		<-time.After(time.Second)
-		log.Info().Msg("obtained cert for pseudo provider")
+		p.logger.Info().Msg("obtained cert for pseudo provider")
 		return nil
 	}
 
-	if lastFailure, err := p.GetLastFailure(); err != nil {
-		return err
-	} else if time.Since(lastFailure) < requestCooldownDuration {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w: still in cooldown until %s", ErrGetCertFailure, strutils.FormatTime(lastFailure.Add(requestCooldownDuration).Local()))
-	}
-
 	if p.client == nil {
 		if err := p.initClient(); err != nil {
 			return err
@@ -227,6 +303,7 @@ func (p *Provider) obtainCertSelf() error {
 	}
 	p.tlsCert = &tlsCert
 	p.certExpiries = expiries
+	p.rebuildSNIMatcher()
 
 	if err := p.ClearLastFailure(); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to clear last failure: %w", err)
@@ -235,19 +312,37 @@ func (p *Provider) obtainCertSelf() error {
 }
 
 func (p *Provider) LoadCert() error {
+	var errs gperr.Builder
 	cert, err := tls.LoadX509KeyPair(p.cfg.CertPath, p.cfg.KeyPath)
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("load SSL certificate: %w", err)
+		errs.Addf("load SSL certificate: %w", p.fmtError(err))
 	}
+
 	expiries, err := getCertExpiries(&cert)
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("parse SSL certificate: %w", err)
+		errs.Addf("parse SSL certificate: %w", p.fmtError(err))
 	}
+
 	p.tlsCert = &cert
 	p.certExpiries = expiries
 
-	log.Info().Msgf("next cert renewal in %s", strutils.FormatDuration(time.Until(p.ShouldRenewOn())))
-	return p.renewIfNeeded()
+	for _, ep := range p.extraProviders {
+		if err := ep.LoadCert(); err != nil {
+			errs.Add(err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	p.rebuildSNIMatcher()
+	return errs.Error()
+}
+
+// PrintCertExpiriesAll prints the certificate expiries for this provider and all extra providers.
+func (p *Provider) PrintCertExpiriesAll() {
+	for _, provider := range p.allProviders() {
+		for domain, expiry := range provider.certExpiries {
+			p.logger.Info().Str("domain", domain).Msgf("certificate expire on %s", strutils.FormatTime(expiry))
+		}
+	}
 }
 
 // ShouldRenewOn returns the time at which the certificate should be renewed.
@@ -255,65 +350,129 @@ func (p *Provider) ShouldRenewOn() time.Time {
 	for _, expiry := range p.certExpiries {
 		return expiry.AddDate(0, -1, 0) // 1 month before
 	}
-	// this line should never be reached
-	panic("no certificate available")
+	// this line should never be reached in production, but will be useful for testing
+	return time.Now().AddDate(0, 1, 0) // 1 month after
 }
 
-func (p *Provider) ScheduleRenewal(parent task.Parent) {
+// ForceExpiryAll triggers immediate certificate renewal for this provider and all extra providers.
+// Returns true if the renewal was triggered, false if the renewal was dropped.
+//
+// If at least one renewal is triggered, returns true.
+func (p *Provider) ForceExpiryAll() (ok bool) {
+	doneCh := make(chan struct{})
+	if swapped := p.forceRenewalDoneCh.CompareAndSwap(nil, doneCh); !swapped { // already in progress
+		close(doneCh)
+		return false
+	}
+
+	select {
+	case p.forceRenewalCh <- struct{}{}:
+		ok = true
+	default:
+	}
+
+	for _, ep := range p.extraProviders {
+		if ep.ForceExpiryAll() {
+			ok = true
+		}
+	}
+
+	return ok
+}
+
+// WaitRenewalDone waits for the renewal to complete.
+// Returns false if the renewal was dropped.
+func (p *Provider) WaitRenewalDone(ctx context.Context) bool {
+	done, ok := p.forceRenewalDoneCh.Load().(chan struct{})
+	if !ok || done == nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	select {
+	case <-done:
+	case <-ctx.Done():
+		return false
+	}
+
+	for _, ep := range p.extraProviders {
+		if !ep.WaitRenewalDone(ctx) {
+			return false
+		}
+	}
+	return true
+}
+
+// ScheduleRenewalAll schedules the renewal of the certificate for this provider and all extra providers.
+func (p *Provider) ScheduleRenewalAll(parent task.Parent) {
+	p.scheduleRenewalOnce.Do(func() {
+		p.scheduleRenewal(parent)
+	})
+	for _, ep := range p.extraProviders {
+		ep.scheduleRenewalOnce.Do(func() {
+			ep.scheduleRenewal(parent)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+var emptyForceRenewalDoneCh any = chan struct{}(nil)
+
+// scheduleRenewal schedules the renewal of the certificate for this provider.
+func (p *Provider) scheduleRenewal(parent task.Parent) {
 	if p.GetName() == ProviderLocal || p.GetName() == ProviderPseudo {
 		return
 	}
-	go func() {
-		renewalTime := p.ShouldRenewOn()
-		timer := time.NewTimer(time.Until(renewalTime))
-		defer timer.Stop()
 
-		task := parent.Subtask("cert-renew-scheduler:"+filepath.Base(p.cfg.CertPath), true)
+	timer := time.NewTimer(time.Until(p.ShouldRenewOn()))
+	task := parent.Subtask("cert-renew-scheduler:"+filepath.Base(p.cfg.CertPath), true)
+
+	renew := func(renewMode RenewMode) {
+		defer func() {
+			if done, ok := p.forceRenewalDoneCh.Swap(emptyForceRenewalDoneCh).(chan struct{}); ok && done != nil {
+				close(done)
+			}
+		}()
+
+		renewed, err := p.renew(renewMode)
+		if err != nil {
+			gperr.LogWarn("autocert: cert renew failed", p.fmtError(err))
+			notif.Notify(&notif.LogMessage{
+				Level: zerolog.ErrorLevel,
+				Title: fmt.Sprintf("SSL certificate renewal failed for %s", p.GetName()),
+				Body:  notif.MessageBody(err.Error()),
+			})
+			return
+		}
+		if renewed {
+			p.rebuildSNIMatcher()
+
+			notif.Notify(&notif.LogMessage{
+				Level: zerolog.InfoLevel,
+				Title: fmt.Sprintf("SSL certificate renewed for %s", p.GetName()),
+				Body:  notif.ListBody(p.cfg.Domains),
+			})
+
+			// Reset on success
+			if err := p.ClearLastFailure(); err != nil {
+				gperr.LogWarn("autocert: failed to clear last failure", p.fmtError(err))
+			}
+			timer.Reset(time.Until(p.ShouldRenewOn()))
+		}
+	}
+
+	go func() {
+		defer timer.Stop()
 		defer task.Finish(nil)
 
 		for {
 			select {
 			case <-task.Context().Done():
 				return
+			case <-p.forceRenewalCh:
+				renew(renewModeForce)
 			case <-timer.C:
-				// Retry after 1 hour on failure
-				lastFailure, err := p.GetLastFailure()
-				if err != nil {
-					gperr.LogWarn("autocert: failed to get last failure", err)
-					continue
-				}
-				if !lastFailure.IsZero() && time.Since(lastFailure) < renewalCooldownDuration {
-					continue
-				}
-				if err := p.renewIfNeeded(); err != nil {
-					gperr.LogWarn("autocert: cert renew failed", err)
-					if err := p.UpdateLastFailure(); err != nil {
-						gperr.LogWarn("autocert: failed to update last failure", err)
-					}
-					notif.Notify(&notif.LogMessage{
-						Level: zerolog.ErrorLevel,
-						Title: "SSL certificate renewal failed",
-						Body:  notif.MessageBody(err.Error()),
-					})
-					continue
-				}
-				notif.Notify(&notif.LogMessage{
-					Level: zerolog.InfoLevel,
-					Title: "SSL certificate renewed",
-					Body:  notif.ListBody(p.cfg.Domains),
-				})
-				// Reset on success
-				if err := p.ClearLastFailure(); err != nil {
-					gperr.LogWarn("autocert: failed to clear last failure", err)
-				}
-				renewalTime = p.ShouldRenewOn()
-				timer.Reset(time.Until(renewalTime))
+				renew(renewModeIfNeeded)
 			}
 		}
 	}()
-	for _, ep := range p.extraProviders {
-		ep.ScheduleRenewal(parent)
-	}
 }
 
 func (p *Provider) initClient() error {
@@ -409,21 +568,42 @@ func (p *Provider) certState() CertState {
 	return CertStateValid
 }
 
-func (p *Provider) renewIfNeeded() error {
+func (p *Provider) renew(mode RenewMode) (renewed bool, err error) {
 	if p.cfg.Provider == ProviderLocal {
-		return nil
+		return false, nil
 	}
 
-	switch p.certState() {
-	case CertStateExpired:
-		log.Info().Msg("certs expired, renewing")
-	case CertStateMismatch:
-		log.Info().Msg("cert domains mismatch with config, renewing")
-	default:
-		return nil
+	if mode != renewModeForce {
+		// Retry after 1 hour on failure
+		lastFailure, err := p.GetLastFailure()
+		if err != nil {
+			return false, fmt.Errorf("failed to get last failure: %w", err)
+		}
+		if !lastFailure.IsZero() && time.Since(lastFailure) < renewalCooldownDuration {
+			until := lastFailure.Add(renewalCooldownDuration).Local()
+			return false, fmt.Errorf("still in cooldown until %s", strutils.FormatTime(until))
+		}
 	}
 
-	return p.obtainCertSelf()
+	if mode == renewModeIfNeeded {
+		switch p.certState() {
+		case CertStateExpired:
+			log.Info().Msg("certs expired, renewing")
+		case CertStateMismatch:
+			log.Info().Msg("cert domains mismatch with config, renewing")
+		default:
+			return false, nil
+		}
+	}
+
+	if mode == renewModeForce {
+		log.Info().Msg("force renewing cert by user request")
+	}
+
+	if err := p.ObtainCert(); err != nil {
+		return false, err
+	}
+	return true, nil
 }
 
 func getCertExpiries(cert *tls.Certificate) (CertExpiries, error) {
@@ -445,15 +625,16 @@ func getCertExpiries(cert *tls.Certificate) (CertExpiries, error) {
 }
 
 func lastFailureFileFor(certPath, keyPath string) string {
-	if certPath == "" && keyPath == "" {
-		return LastFailureFile
-	}
 	dir := filepath.Dir(certPath)
 	sum := sha256.Sum256([]byte(certPath + "|" + keyPath))
 	return filepath.Join(dir, fmt.Sprintf(".last_failure-%x", sum[:6]))
 }
 
 func (p *Provider) rebuildSNIMatcher() {
+	if p.cfg.idx != 0 { // only main provider has extra providers
+		return
+	}
+
 	p.sniMatcher = sniMatcher{}
 	p.sniMatcher.addProvider(p)
 	for _, ep := range p.extraProviders {
diff --git a/internal/autocert/provider_test/custom_test.go b/internal/autocert/provider_test/custom_test.go
index d62ad77e..30ae2544 100644
--- a/internal/autocert/provider_test/custom_test.go
+++ b/internal/autocert/provider_test/custom_test.go
@@ -10,12 +10,15 @@ import (
 	"encoding/base64"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"encoding/pem"
+	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"math/big"
 	"net"
 	"net/http"
 	"net/http/httptest"
+	"sort"
 	"strings"
+	"sync"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
@@ -24,6 +27,368 @@ import (
 	"github.com/yusing/godoxy/internal/dnsproviders"
 )
 
+// TestACMEServer implements a minimal ACME server for testing with request tracking.
+type TestACMEServer struct {
+	server              *httptest.Server
+	caCert              *x509.Certificate
+	caKey               *rsa.PrivateKey
+	clientCSRs          map[string]*x509.CertificateRequest
+	orderDomains        map[string][]string
+	authzDomains        map[string]string
+	orderSeq            int
+	certRequestCount    map[string]int
+	renewalRequestCount map[string]int
+	mu                  sync.Mutex
+}
+
+func newTestACMEServer(t *testing.T) *TestACMEServer {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	// Generate CA certificate and key
+	caKey, err := rsa.GenerateKey(rand.Reader, 2048)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	caTemplate := &x509.Certificate{
+		SerialNumber: big.NewInt(1),
+		Subject: pkix.Name{
+			Organization:  []string{"Test CA"},
+			Country:       []string{"US"},
+			Province:      []string{""},
+			Locality:      []string{"Test"},
+			StreetAddress: []string{""},
+			PostalCode:    []string{""},
+		},
+		IPAddresses:           []net.IP{net.ParseIP("127.0.0.1")},
+		NotBefore:             time.Now(),
+		NotAfter:              time.Now().Add(365 * 24 * time.Hour),
+		IsCA:                  true,
+		ExtKeyUsage:           []x509.ExtKeyUsage{x509.ExtKeyUsageClientAuth, x509.ExtKeyUsageServerAuth},
+		KeyUsage:              x509.KeyUsageDigitalSignature | x509.KeyUsageCertSign,
+		BasicConstraintsValid: true,
+	}
+
+	caCertDER, err := x509.CreateCertificate(rand.Reader, caTemplate, caTemplate, &caKey.PublicKey, caKey)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	caCert, err := x509.ParseCertificate(caCertDER)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	acme := &TestACMEServer{
+		caCert:              caCert,
+		caKey:               caKey,
+		clientCSRs:          make(map[string]*x509.CertificateRequest),
+		orderDomains:        make(map[string][]string),
+		authzDomains:        make(map[string]string),
+		orderSeq:            0,
+		certRequestCount:    make(map[string]int),
+		renewalRequestCount: make(map[string]int),
+	}
+
+	mux := http.NewServeMux()
+	acme.setupRoutes(mux)
+
+	acme.server = httptest.NewUnstartedServer(mux)
+	acme.server.TLS = &tls.Config{
+		Certificates: []tls.Certificate{
+			{
+				Certificate: [][]byte{caCert.Raw},
+				PrivateKey:  caKey,
+			},
+		},
+		MinVersion: tls.VersionTLS12,
+	}
+	acme.server.StartTLS()
+	return acme
+}
+
+func (s *TestACMEServer) Close() {
+	s.server.Close()
+}
+
+func (s *TestACMEServer) URL() string {
+	return s.server.URL
+}
+
+func (s *TestACMEServer) httpClient() *http.Client {
+	certPool := x509.NewCertPool()
+	certPool.AddCert(s.caCert)
+
+	return &http.Client{
+		Transport: &http.Transport{
+			DialContext: (&net.Dialer{
+				Timeout:   30 * time.Second,
+				KeepAlive: 30 * time.Second,
+			}).DialContext,
+			TLSHandshakeTimeout:   30 * time.Second,
+			ResponseHeaderTimeout: 30 * time.Second,
+			TLSClientConfig: &tls.Config{
+				RootCAs:    certPool,
+				MinVersion: tls.VersionTLS12,
+			},
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+func (s *TestACMEServer) setupRoutes(mux *http.ServeMux) {
+	mux.HandleFunc("/acme/acme/directory", s.handleDirectory)
+	mux.HandleFunc("/acme/new-nonce", s.handleNewNonce)
+	mux.HandleFunc("/acme/new-account", s.handleNewAccount)
+	mux.HandleFunc("/acme/new-order", s.handleNewOrder)
+	mux.HandleFunc("/acme/authz/", s.handleAuthorization)
+	mux.HandleFunc("/acme/chall/", s.handleChallenge)
+	mux.HandleFunc("/acme/order/", s.handleOrder)
+	mux.HandleFunc("/acme/cert/", s.handleCertificate)
+}
+
+func (s *TestACMEServer) handleDirectory(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+	directory := map[string]any{
+		"newNonce":   s.server.URL + "/acme/new-nonce",
+		"newAccount": s.server.URL + "/acme/new-account",
+		"newOrder":   s.server.URL + "/acme/new-order",
+		"keyChange":  s.server.URL + "/acme/key-change",
+		"meta": map[string]any{
+			"termsOfService": s.server.URL + "/terms",
+		},
+	}
+	w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+	json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(directory)
+}
+
+func (s *TestACMEServer) handleNewNonce(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+	w.Header().Set("Replay-Nonce", "test-nonce-12345")
+	w.WriteHeader(http.StatusOK)
+}
+
+func (s *TestACMEServer) handleNewAccount(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+	account := map[string]any{
+		"status":  "valid",
+		"contact": []string{"mailto:test@example.com"},
+		"orders":  s.server.URL + "/acme/orders",
+	}
+	w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+	w.Header().Set("Location", s.server.URL+"/acme/account/1")
+	w.Header().Set("Replay-Nonce", "test-nonce-67890")
+	w.WriteHeader(http.StatusCreated)
+	json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(account)
+}
+
+func (s *TestACMEServer) handleNewOrder(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+	body, _ := io.ReadAll(r.Body)
+	var jws struct {
+		Payload string `json:"payload"`
+	}
+	json.Unmarshal(body, &jws)
+	payloadBytes, _ := base64.RawURLEncoding.DecodeString(jws.Payload)
+	var orderReq struct {
+		Identifiers []map[string]string `json:"identifiers"`
+	}
+	json.Unmarshal(payloadBytes, &orderReq)
+
+	domains := []string{}
+	for _, id := range orderReq.Identifiers {
+		domains = append(domains, id["value"])
+	}
+	sort.Strings(domains)
+	domainKey := strings.Join(domains, ",")
+
+	s.mu.Lock()
+	s.orderSeq++
+	orderID := fmt.Sprintf("test-order-%d", s.orderSeq)
+	authzID := fmt.Sprintf("test-authz-%d", s.orderSeq)
+	s.orderDomains[orderID] = domains
+	if len(domains) > 0 {
+		s.authzDomains[authzID] = domains[0]
+	}
+	s.certRequestCount[domainKey]++
+	s.mu.Unlock()
+
+	order := map[string]any{
+		"status":         "ready",
+		"expires":        time.Now().Add(24 * time.Hour).Format(time.RFC3339),
+		"identifiers":    orderReq.Identifiers,
+		"authorizations": []string{s.server.URL + "/acme/authz/" + authzID},
+		"finalize":       s.server.URL + "/acme/order/" + orderID + "/finalize",
+	}
+
+	w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+	w.Header().Set("Location", s.server.URL+"/acme/order/"+orderID)
+	w.Header().Set("Replay-Nonce", "test-nonce-order")
+	w.WriteHeader(http.StatusCreated)
+	json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(order)
+}
+
+func (s *TestACMEServer) handleAuthorization(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+	authzID := strings.TrimPrefix(r.URL.Path, "/acme/authz/")
+	domain := s.authzDomains[authzID]
+	if domain == "" {
+		domain = "test.example.com"
+	}
+	authz := map[string]any{
+		"status":     "valid",
+		"expires":    time.Now().Add(24 * time.Hour).Format(time.RFC3339),
+		"identifier": map[string]string{"type": "dns", "value": domain},
+		"challenges": []map[string]any{
+			{
+				"type":   "dns-01",
+				"status": "valid",
+				"url":    s.server.URL + "/acme/chall/test-chall-789",
+				"token":  "test-token-abc123",
+			},
+		},
+	}
+	w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+	w.Header().Set("Replay-Nonce", "test-nonce-authz")
+	json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(authz)
+}
+
+func (s *TestACMEServer) handleChallenge(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+	challenge := map[string]any{
+		"type":   "dns-01",
+		"status": "valid",
+		"url":    r.URL.String(),
+		"token":  "test-token-abc123",
+	}
+	w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+	w.Header().Set("Replay-Nonce", "test-nonce-chall")
+	json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(challenge)
+}
+
+func (s *TestACMEServer) handleOrder(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+	if strings.HasSuffix(r.URL.Path, "/finalize") {
+		s.handleFinalize(w, r)
+		return
+	}
+
+	orderID := strings.TrimPrefix(r.URL.Path, "/acme/order/")
+	domains := s.orderDomains[orderID]
+	if len(domains) == 0 {
+		domains = []string{"test.example.com"}
+	}
+	certURL := s.server.URL + "/acme/cert/" + orderID
+	order := map[string]any{
+		"status":  "valid",
+		"expires": time.Now().Add(24 * time.Hour).Format(time.RFC3339),
+		"identifiers": func() []map[string]string {
+			out := make([]map[string]string, 0, len(domains))
+			for _, d := range domains {
+				out = append(out, map[string]string{"type": "dns", "value": d})
+			}
+			return out
+		}(),
+		"certificate": certURL,
+	}
+	w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+	w.Header().Set("Replay-Nonce", "test-nonce-order-get")
+	json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(order)
+}
+
+func (s *TestACMEServer) handleFinalize(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+	body, err := io.ReadAll(r.Body)
+	if err != nil {
+		http.Error(w, "Failed to read request", http.StatusBadRequest)
+		return
+	}
+
+	csr, err := s.extractCSRFromJWS(body)
+	if err != nil {
+		http.Error(w, "Invalid CSR: "+err.Error(), http.StatusBadRequest)
+		return
+	}
+
+	orderID := strings.TrimSuffix(strings.TrimPrefix(r.URL.Path, "/acme/order/"), "/finalize")
+	s.mu.Lock()
+	s.clientCSRs[orderID] = csr
+
+	// Detect renewal: if we already have a certificate for these domains, it's a renewal
+	domains := csr.DNSNames
+	sort.Strings(domains)
+	domainKey := strings.Join(domains, ",")
+
+	if s.certRequestCount[domainKey] > 1 {
+		s.renewalRequestCount[domainKey]++
+	}
+	s.mu.Unlock()
+
+	certURL := s.server.URL + "/acme/cert/" + orderID
+	order := map[string]any{
+		"status":  "valid",
+		"expires": time.Now().Add(24 * time.Hour).Format(time.RFC3339),
+		"identifiers": func() []map[string]string {
+			out := make([]map[string]string, 0, len(domains))
+			for _, d := range domains {
+				out = append(out, map[string]string{"type": "dns", "value": d})
+			}
+			return out
+		}(),
+		"certificate": certURL,
+	}
+
+	w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+	w.Header().Set("Location", strings.TrimSuffix(r.URL.String(), "/finalize"))
+	w.Header().Set("Replay-Nonce", "test-nonce-finalize")
+	json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(order)
+}
+
+func (s *TestACMEServer) extractCSRFromJWS(jwsData []byte) (*x509.CertificateRequest, error) {
+	var jws struct {
+		Payload string `json:"payload"`
+	}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(jwsData, &jws); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	payloadBytes, err := base64.RawURLEncoding.DecodeString(jws.Payload)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	var finalizeReq struct {
+		CSR string `json:"csr"`
+	}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(payloadBytes, &finalizeReq); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	csrBytes, err := base64.RawURLEncoding.DecodeString(finalizeReq.CSR)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return x509.ParseCertificateRequest(csrBytes)
+}
+
+func (s *TestACMEServer) handleCertificate(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+	orderID := strings.TrimPrefix(r.URL.Path, "/acme/cert/")
+	csr, exists := s.clientCSRs[orderID]
+	if !exists {
+		http.Error(w, "No CSR found for order", http.StatusBadRequest)
+		return
+	}
+
+	template := &x509.Certificate{
+		SerialNumber: big.NewInt(2),
+		Subject: pkix.Name{
+			Organization: []string{"Test Cert"},
+			Country:      []string{"US"},
+		},
+		DNSNames:              csr.DNSNames,
+		NotBefore:             time.Now(),
+		NotAfter:              time.Now().Add(90 * 24 * time.Hour),
+		KeyUsage:              x509.KeyUsageKeyEncipherment | x509.KeyUsageDigitalSignature,
+		ExtKeyUsage:           []x509.ExtKeyUsage{x509.ExtKeyUsageServerAuth},
+		BasicConstraintsValid: true,
+	}
+
+	certDER, err := x509.CreateCertificate(rand.Reader, template, s.caCert, csr.PublicKey, s.caKey)
+	if err != nil {
+		http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusInternalServerError)
+		return
+	}
+
+	certPEM := pem.EncodeToMemory(&pem.Block{Type: "CERTIFICATE", Bytes: certDER})
+	caPEM := pem.EncodeToMemory(&pem.Block{Type: "CERTIFICATE", Bytes: s.caCert.Raw})
+
+	w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/pem-certificate-chain")
+	w.Header().Set("Replay-Nonce", "test-nonce-cert")
+	w.Write(append(certPEM, caPEM...))
+}
+
 func TestMain(m *testing.M) {
 	dnsproviders.InitProviders()
 	m.Run()
@@ -41,7 +406,7 @@ func TestCustomProvider(t *testing.T) {
 			ACMEKeyPath: "certs/custom-acme.key",
 		}
 
-		err := cfg.Validate()
+		err := error(cfg.Validate())
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 
 		user, legoCfg, err := cfg.GetLegoConfig()
@@ -62,7 +427,8 @@ func TestCustomProvider(t *testing.T) {
 
 		err := cfg.Validate()
 		require.Error(t, err)
-		require.Contains(t, err.Error(), "missing field 'ca_dir_url'")
+		require.Contains(t, err.Error(), "missing field")
+		require.Contains(t, err.Error(), "ca_dir_url")
 	})
 
 	t.Run("custom provider with step-ca internal CA", func(t *testing.T) {
@@ -76,7 +442,7 @@ func TestCustomProvider(t *testing.T) {
 			ACMEKeyPath: "certs/internal-acme.key",
 		}
 
-		err := cfg.Validate()
+		err := error(cfg.Validate())
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 
 		user, legoCfg, err := cfg.GetLegoConfig()
@@ -86,9 +452,10 @@ func TestCustomProvider(t *testing.T) {
 		require.Equal(t, "https://step-ca.internal:443/acme/acme/directory", legoCfg.CADirURL)
 		require.Equal(t, "admin@internal.com", user.Email)
 
-		provider := autocert.NewProvider(cfg, user, legoCfg)
+		provider, err := autocert.NewProvider(cfg, user, legoCfg)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
 		require.NotNil(t, provider)
-		require.Equal(t, autocert.ProviderCustom, provider.GetName())
+		require.Equal(t, "main", provider.GetName())
 		require.Equal(t, "certs/internal.crt", provider.GetCertPath())
 		require.Equal(t, "certs/internal.key", provider.GetKeyPath())
 	})
@@ -119,7 +486,8 @@ func TestObtainCertFromCustomProvider(t *testing.T) {
 		require.NotNil(t, user)
 		require.NotNil(t, legoCfg)
 
-		provider := autocert.NewProvider(cfg, user, legoCfg)
+		provider, err := autocert.NewProvider(cfg, user, legoCfg)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
 		require.NotNil(t, provider)
 
 		// Test obtaining certificate
@@ -161,7 +529,8 @@ func TestObtainCertFromCustomProvider(t *testing.T) {
 		require.NotNil(t, user)
 		require.NotNil(t, legoCfg)
 
-		provider := autocert.NewProvider(cfg, user, legoCfg)
+		provider, err := autocert.NewProvider(cfg, user, legoCfg)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
 		require.NotNil(t, provider)
 
 		err = provider.ObtainCert()
@@ -178,330 +547,3 @@ func TestObtainCertFromCustomProvider(t *testing.T) {
 		require.True(t, time.Now().After(x509Cert.NotBefore))
 	})
 }
-
-// testACMEServer implements a minimal ACME server for testing.
-type testACMEServer struct {
-	server     *httptest.Server
-	caCert     *x509.Certificate
-	caKey      *rsa.PrivateKey
-	clientCSRs map[string]*x509.CertificateRequest
-	orderID    string
-}
-
-func newTestACMEServer(t *testing.T) *testACMEServer {
-	t.Helper()
-
-	// Generate CA certificate and key
-	caKey, err := rsa.GenerateKey(rand.Reader, 2048)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	caTemplate := &x509.Certificate{
-		SerialNumber: big.NewInt(1),
-		Subject: pkix.Name{
-			Organization:  []string{"Test CA"},
-			Country:       []string{"US"},
-			Province:      []string{""},
-			Locality:      []string{"Test"},
-			StreetAddress: []string{""},
-			PostalCode:    []string{""},
-		},
-		IPAddresses:           []net.IP{net.ParseIP("127.0.0.1")},
-		NotBefore:             time.Now(),
-		NotAfter:              time.Now().Add(365 * 24 * time.Hour),
-		IsCA:                  true,
-		ExtKeyUsage:           []x509.ExtKeyUsage{x509.ExtKeyUsageClientAuth, x509.ExtKeyUsageServerAuth},
-		KeyUsage:              x509.KeyUsageDigitalSignature | x509.KeyUsageCertSign,
-		BasicConstraintsValid: true,
-	}
-
-	caCertDER, err := x509.CreateCertificate(rand.Reader, caTemplate, caTemplate, &caKey.PublicKey, caKey)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	caCert, err := x509.ParseCertificate(caCertDER)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	acme := &testACMEServer{
-		caCert:     caCert,
-		caKey:      caKey,
-		clientCSRs: make(map[string]*x509.CertificateRequest),
-		orderID:    "test-order-123",
-	}
-
-	mux := http.NewServeMux()
-	acme.setupRoutes(mux)
-
-	acme.server = httptest.NewUnstartedServer(mux)
-	acme.server.TLS = &tls.Config{
-		Certificates: []tls.Certificate{
-			{
-				Certificate: [][]byte{caCert.Raw},
-				PrivateKey:  caKey,
-			},
-		},
-		MinVersion: tls.VersionTLS12,
-	}
-	acme.server.StartTLS()
-	return acme
-}
-
-func (s *testACMEServer) Close() {
-	s.server.Close()
-}
-
-func (s *testACMEServer) URL() string {
-	return s.server.URL
-}
-
-func (s *testACMEServer) httpClient() *http.Client {
-	certPool := x509.NewCertPool()
-	certPool.AddCert(s.caCert)
-
-	return &http.Client{
-		Transport: &http.Transport{
-			DialContext: (&net.Dialer{
-				Timeout:   30 * time.Second,
-				KeepAlive: 30 * time.Second,
-			}).DialContext,
-			TLSHandshakeTimeout:   30 * time.Second,
-			ResponseHeaderTimeout: 30 * time.Second,
-			TLSClientConfig: &tls.Config{
-				RootCAs:    certPool,
-				MinVersion: tls.VersionTLS12,
-			},
-		},
-	}
-}
-
-func (s *testACMEServer) setupRoutes(mux *http.ServeMux) {
-	// ACME directory endpoint
-	mux.HandleFunc("/acme/acme/directory", s.handleDirectory)
-
-	// ACME endpoints
-	mux.HandleFunc("/acme/new-nonce", s.handleNewNonce)
-	mux.HandleFunc("/acme/new-account", s.handleNewAccount)
-	mux.HandleFunc("/acme/new-order", s.handleNewOrder)
-	mux.HandleFunc("/acme/authz/", s.handleAuthorization)
-	mux.HandleFunc("/acme/chall/", s.handleChallenge)
-	mux.HandleFunc("/acme/order/", s.handleOrder)
-	mux.HandleFunc("/acme/cert/", s.handleCertificate)
-}
-
-func (s *testACMEServer) handleDirectory(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
-	directory := map[string]interface{}{
-		"newNonce":   s.server.URL + "/acme/new-nonce",
-		"newAccount": s.server.URL + "/acme/new-account",
-		"newOrder":   s.server.URL + "/acme/new-order",
-		"keyChange":  s.server.URL + "/acme/key-change",
-		"meta": map[string]interface{}{
-			"termsOfService": s.server.URL + "/terms",
-		},
-	}
-
-	w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
-	json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(directory)
-}
-
-func (s *testACMEServer) handleNewNonce(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
-	w.Header().Set("Replay-Nonce", "test-nonce-12345")
-	w.WriteHeader(http.StatusOK)
-}
-
-func (s *testACMEServer) handleNewAccount(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
-	account := map[string]interface{}{
-		"status":  "valid",
-		"contact": []string{"mailto:test@example.com"},
-		"orders":  s.server.URL + "/acme/orders",
-	}
-
-	w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
-	w.Header().Set("Location", s.server.URL+"/acme/account/1")
-	w.Header().Set("Replay-Nonce", "test-nonce-67890")
-	w.WriteHeader(http.StatusCreated)
-	json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(account)
-}
-
-func (s *testACMEServer) handleNewOrder(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
-	authzID := "test-authz-456"
-
-	order := map[string]interface{}{
-		"status":         "ready", // Skip pending state for simplicity
-		"expires":        time.Now().Add(24 * time.Hour).Format(time.RFC3339),
-		"identifiers":    []map[string]string{{"type": "dns", "value": "test.example.com"}},
-		"authorizations": []string{s.server.URL + "/acme/authz/" + authzID},
-		"finalize":       s.server.URL + "/acme/order/" + s.orderID + "/finalize",
-	}
-
-	w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
-	w.Header().Set("Location", s.server.URL+"/acme/order/"+s.orderID)
-	w.Header().Set("Replay-Nonce", "test-nonce-order")
-	w.WriteHeader(http.StatusCreated)
-	json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(order)
-}
-
-func (s *testACMEServer) handleAuthorization(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
-	authz := map[string]interface{}{
-		"status":     "valid", // Skip challenge validation for simplicity
-		"expires":    time.Now().Add(24 * time.Hour).Format(time.RFC3339),
-		"identifier": map[string]string{"type": "dns", "value": "test.example.com"},
-		"challenges": []map[string]interface{}{
-			{
-				"type":   "dns-01",
-				"status": "valid",
-				"url":    s.server.URL + "/acme/chall/test-chall-789",
-				"token":  "test-token-abc123",
-			},
-		},
-	}
-
-	w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
-	w.Header().Set("Replay-Nonce", "test-nonce-authz")
-	json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(authz)
-}
-
-func (s *testACMEServer) handleChallenge(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
-	challenge := map[string]interface{}{
-		"type":   "dns-01",
-		"status": "valid",
-		"url":    r.URL.String(),
-		"token":  "test-token-abc123",
-	}
-
-	w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
-	w.Header().Set("Replay-Nonce", "test-nonce-chall")
-	json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(challenge)
-}
-
-func (s *testACMEServer) handleOrder(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
-	if strings.HasSuffix(r.URL.Path, "/finalize") {
-		s.handleFinalize(w, r)
-		return
-	}
-
-	certURL := s.server.URL + "/acme/cert/" + s.orderID
-	order := map[string]interface{}{
-		"status":      "valid",
-		"expires":     time.Now().Add(24 * time.Hour).Format(time.RFC3339),
-		"identifiers": []map[string]string{{"type": "dns", "value": "test.example.com"}},
-		"certificate": certURL,
-	}
-
-	w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
-	w.Header().Set("Replay-Nonce", "test-nonce-order-get")
-	json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(order)
-}
-
-func (s *testACMEServer) handleFinalize(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
-	// Read the JWS payload
-	body, err := io.ReadAll(r.Body)
-	if err != nil {
-		http.Error(w, "Failed to read request", http.StatusBadRequest)
-		return
-	}
-
-	// Extract CSR from JWS payload
-	csr, err := s.extractCSRFromJWS(body)
-	if err != nil {
-		http.Error(w, "Invalid CSR: "+err.Error(), http.StatusBadRequest)
-		return
-	}
-
-	// Store the CSR for certificate generation
-	s.clientCSRs[s.orderID] = csr
-
-	certURL := s.server.URL + "/acme/cert/" + s.orderID
-	order := map[string]interface{}{
-		"status":      "valid",
-		"expires":     time.Now().Add(24 * time.Hour).Format(time.RFC3339),
-		"identifiers": []map[string]string{{"type": "dns", "value": "test.example.com"}},
-		"certificate": certURL,
-	}
-
-	w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
-	w.Header().Set("Location", strings.TrimSuffix(r.URL.String(), "/finalize"))
-	w.Header().Set("Replay-Nonce", "test-nonce-finalize")
-	json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(order)
-}
-
-func (s *testACMEServer) extractCSRFromJWS(jwsData []byte) (*x509.CertificateRequest, error) {
-	// Parse the JWS structure
-	var jws struct {
-		Protected string `json:"protected"`
-		Payload   string `json:"payload"`
-		Signature string `json:"signature"`
-	}
-
-	if err := json.Unmarshal(jwsData, &jws); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	// Decode the payload
-	payloadBytes, err := base64.RawURLEncoding.DecodeString(jws.Payload)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	// Parse the finalize request
-	var finalizeReq struct {
-		CSR string `json:"csr"`
-	}
-
-	if err := json.Unmarshal(payloadBytes, &finalizeReq); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	// Decode the CSR
-	csrBytes, err := base64.RawURLEncoding.DecodeString(finalizeReq.CSR)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	// Parse the CSR
-	csr, err := x509.ParseCertificateRequest(csrBytes)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	return csr, nil
-}
-
-func (s *testACMEServer) handleCertificate(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
-	// Extract order ID from URL
-	orderID := strings.TrimPrefix(r.URL.Path, "/acme/cert/")
-
-	// Get the CSR for this order
-	csr, exists := s.clientCSRs[orderID]
-	if !exists {
-		http.Error(w, "No CSR found for order", http.StatusBadRequest)
-		return
-	}
-
-	// Create certificate using the public key from the client's CSR
-	template := &x509.Certificate{
-		SerialNumber: big.NewInt(2),
-		Subject: pkix.Name{
-			Organization: []string{"Test Cert"},
-			Country:      []string{"US"},
-		},
-		DNSNames:              csr.DNSNames,
-		NotBefore:             time.Now(),
-		NotAfter:              time.Now().Add(90 * 24 * time.Hour),
-		KeyUsage:              x509.KeyUsageKeyEncipherment | x509.KeyUsageDigitalSignature,
-		ExtKeyUsage:           []x509.ExtKeyUsage{x509.ExtKeyUsageServerAuth},
-		BasicConstraintsValid: true,
-	}
-
-	// Use the public key from the CSR and sign with CA key
-	certDER, err := x509.CreateCertificate(rand.Reader, template, s.caCert, csr.PublicKey, s.caKey)
-	if err != nil {
-		http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusInternalServerError)
-		return
-	}
-
-	// Return certificate chain
-	certPEM := pem.EncodeToMemory(&pem.Block{Type: "CERTIFICATE", Bytes: certDER})
-	caPEM := pem.EncodeToMemory(&pem.Block{Type: "CERTIFICATE", Bytes: s.caCert.Raw})
-
-	w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/pem-certificate-chain")
-	w.Header().Set("Replay-Nonce", "test-nonce-cert")
-	w.Write(append(certPEM, caPEM...))
-}
diff --git a/internal/autocert/provider_test/extra_validation_test.go b/internal/autocert/provider_test/extra_validation_test.go
deleted file mode 100644
index 3fbb5174..00000000
--- a/internal/autocert/provider_test/extra_validation_test.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-package provider_test
-
-import (
-	"testing"
-
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
-	"github.com/yusing/godoxy/internal/autocert"
-)
-
-func TestExtraCertKeyPathsUnique(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Run("duplicate cert_path rejected", func(t *testing.T) {
-		cfg := &autocert.Config{
-			Provider: autocert.ProviderLocal,
-			Extra: []autocert.Config{
-				{CertPath: "a.crt", KeyPath: "a.key"},
-				{CertPath: "a.crt", KeyPath: "b.key"},
-			},
-		}
-		require.Error(t, cfg.Validate())
-	})
-
-	t.Run("duplicate key_path rejected", func(t *testing.T) {
-		cfg := &autocert.Config{
-			Provider: autocert.ProviderLocal,
-			Extra: []autocert.Config{
-				{CertPath: "a.crt", KeyPath: "a.key"},
-				{CertPath: "b.crt", KeyPath: "a.key"},
-			},
-		}
-		require.Error(t, cfg.Validate())
-	})
-}
diff --git a/internal/autocert/provider_test/multi_cert_test.go b/internal/autocert/provider_test/multi_cert_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d77afe1f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/autocert/provider_test/multi_cert_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+//nolint:errchkjson,errcheck
+package provider_test
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+	"github.com/yusing/godoxy/internal/autocert"
+	"github.com/yusing/godoxy/internal/serialization"
+	"github.com/yusing/goutils/task"
+)
+
+func buildMultiCertYAML(serverURL string) []byte {
+	return fmt.Appendf(nil, `
+email: main@example.com
+domains: [main.example.com]
+provider: custom
+ca_dir_url: %s/acme/acme/directory
+cert_path: certs/main.crt
+key_path: certs/main.key
+extra:
+  - email: extra1@example.com
+    domains: [extra1.example.com]
+    cert_path: certs/extra1.crt
+    key_path: certs/extra1.key
+  - email: extra2@example.com
+    domains: [extra2.example.com]
+    cert_path: certs/extra2.crt
+    key_path: certs/extra2.key
+`, serverURL)
+}
+
+func TestMultipleCertificatesLifecycle(t *testing.T) {
+	acmeServer := newTestACMEServer(t)
+	defer acmeServer.Close()
+
+	yamlConfig := buildMultiCertYAML(acmeServer.URL())
+	var cfg autocert.Config
+	cfg.HTTPClient = acmeServer.httpClient()
+
+	/* unmarshal yaml config with multiple certs */
+	err := error(serialization.UnmarshalValidateYAML(yamlConfig, &cfg))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, []string{"main.example.com"}, cfg.Domains)
+	require.Len(t, cfg.Extra, 2)
+	require.Equal(t, []string{"extra1.example.com"}, cfg.Extra[0].Domains)
+	require.Equal(t, []string{"extra2.example.com"}, cfg.Extra[1].Domains)
+
+	var provider *autocert.Provider
+
+	/* initialize autocert with multi-cert config */
+	user, legoCfg, gerr := cfg.GetLegoConfig()
+	require.NoError(t, gerr)
+	provider, err = autocert.NewProvider(&cfg, user, legoCfg)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NotNil(t, provider)
+
+	// Start renewal scheduler
+	root := task.RootTask("test", false)
+	defer root.Finish(nil)
+	provider.ScheduleRenewalAll(root)
+
+	require.Equal(t, "custom", cfg.Provider)
+	require.Equal(t, "custom", cfg.Extra[0].Provider)
+	require.Equal(t, "custom", cfg.Extra[1].Provider)
+
+	/* track cert requests for all configs */
+	os.MkdirAll("certs", 0755)
+	defer os.RemoveAll("certs")
+
+	err = provider.ObtainCertIfNotExistsAll()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	require.Equal(t, 1, acmeServer.certRequestCount["main.example.com"])
+	require.Equal(t, 1, acmeServer.certRequestCount["extra1.example.com"])
+	require.Equal(t, 1, acmeServer.certRequestCount["extra2.example.com"])
+
+	/* track renewal scheduling and requests */
+
+	// force renewal for all providers and wait for completion
+	ok := provider.ForceExpiryAll()
+	require.True(t, ok)
+	provider.WaitRenewalDone(t.Context())
+
+	require.Equal(t, 1, acmeServer.renewalRequestCount["main.example.com"])
+	require.Equal(t, 1, acmeServer.renewalRequestCount["extra1.example.com"])
+	require.Equal(t, 1, acmeServer.renewalRequestCount["extra2.example.com"])
+}
diff --git a/internal/autocert/provider_test/sni_test.go b/internal/autocert/provider_test/sni_test.go
index 766593cd..01a07b8f 100644
--- a/internal/autocert/provider_test/sni_test.go
+++ b/internal/autocert/provider_test/sni_test.go
@@ -71,15 +71,18 @@ func TestGetCertBySNI(t *testing.T) {
 			Provider: autocert.ProviderLocal,
 			CertPath: mainCert,
 			KeyPath:  mainKey,
-			Extra: []autocert.Config{
+			Extra: []autocert.ConfigExtra{
 				{CertPath: extraCert, KeyPath: extraKey},
 			},
 		}
 
 		require.NoError(t, cfg.Validate())
 
-		p := autocert.NewProvider(cfg, nil, nil)
-		require.NoError(t, p.Setup())
+		p, err := autocert.NewProvider(cfg, nil, nil)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		err = p.LoadCert()
+		require.NoError(t, err)
 
 		cert, err := p.GetCert(&tls.ClientHelloInfo{ServerName: "a.internal.example.com"})
 		require.NoError(t, err)
@@ -100,15 +103,18 @@ func TestGetCertBySNI(t *testing.T) {
 			Provider: autocert.ProviderLocal,
 			CertPath: mainCert,
 			KeyPath:  mainKey,
-			Extra: []autocert.Config{
+			Extra: []autocert.ConfigExtra{
 				{CertPath: extraCert, KeyPath: extraKey},
 			},
 		}
 
 		require.NoError(t, cfg.Validate())
 
-		p := autocert.NewProvider(cfg, nil, nil)
-		require.NoError(t, p.Setup())
+		p, err := autocert.NewProvider(cfg, nil, nil)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		err = p.LoadCert()
+		require.NoError(t, err)
 
 		cert, err := p.GetCert(&tls.ClientHelloInfo{ServerName: "foo.example.com"})
 		require.NoError(t, err)
@@ -129,15 +135,18 @@ func TestGetCertBySNI(t *testing.T) {
 			Provider: autocert.ProviderLocal,
 			CertPath: mainCert,
 			KeyPath:  mainKey,
-			Extra: []autocert.Config{
+			Extra: []autocert.ConfigExtra{
 				{CertPath: extraCert, KeyPath: extraKey},
 			},
 		}
 
 		require.NoError(t, cfg.Validate())
 
-		p := autocert.NewProvider(cfg, nil, nil)
-		require.NoError(t, p.Setup())
+		p, err := autocert.NewProvider(cfg, nil, nil)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		err = p.LoadCert()
+		require.NoError(t, err)
 
 		cert, err := p.GetCert(&tls.ClientHelloInfo{ServerName: "unknown.domain.com"})
 		require.NoError(t, err)
@@ -159,8 +168,11 @@ func TestGetCertBySNI(t *testing.T) {
 
 		require.NoError(t, cfg.Validate())
 
-		p := autocert.NewProvider(cfg, nil, nil)
-		require.NoError(t, p.Setup())
+		p, err := autocert.NewProvider(cfg, nil, nil)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		err = p.LoadCert()
+		require.NoError(t, err)
 
 		cert, err := p.GetCert(nil)
 		require.NoError(t, err)
@@ -182,8 +194,11 @@ func TestGetCertBySNI(t *testing.T) {
 
 		require.NoError(t, cfg.Validate())
 
-		p := autocert.NewProvider(cfg, nil, nil)
-		require.NoError(t, p.Setup())
+		p, err := autocert.NewProvider(cfg, nil, nil)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		err = p.LoadCert()
+		require.NoError(t, err)
 
 		cert, err := p.GetCert(&tls.ClientHelloInfo{ServerName: ""})
 		require.NoError(t, err)
@@ -204,15 +219,18 @@ func TestGetCertBySNI(t *testing.T) {
 			Provider: autocert.ProviderLocal,
 			CertPath: mainCert,
 			KeyPath:  mainKey,
-			Extra: []autocert.Config{
+			Extra: []autocert.ConfigExtra{
 				{CertPath: extraCert, KeyPath: extraKey},
 			},
 		}
 
 		require.NoError(t, cfg.Validate())
 
-		p := autocert.NewProvider(cfg, nil, nil)
-		require.NoError(t, p.Setup())
+		p, err := autocert.NewProvider(cfg, nil, nil)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		err = p.LoadCert()
+		require.NoError(t, err)
 
 		cert, err := p.GetCert(&tls.ClientHelloInfo{ServerName: "FOO.EXAMPLE.COM"})
 		require.NoError(t, err)
@@ -233,15 +251,18 @@ func TestGetCertBySNI(t *testing.T) {
 			Provider: autocert.ProviderLocal,
 			CertPath: mainCert,
 			KeyPath:  mainKey,
-			Extra: []autocert.Config{
+			Extra: []autocert.ConfigExtra{
 				{CertPath: extraCert, KeyPath: extraKey},
 			},
 		}
 
 		require.NoError(t, cfg.Validate())
 
-		p := autocert.NewProvider(cfg, nil, nil)
-		require.NoError(t, p.Setup())
+		p, err := autocert.NewProvider(cfg, nil, nil)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		err = p.LoadCert()
+		require.NoError(t, err)
 
 		cert, err := p.GetCert(&tls.ClientHelloInfo{ServerName: "  foo.example.com.  "})
 		require.NoError(t, err)
@@ -262,15 +283,18 @@ func TestGetCertBySNI(t *testing.T) {
 			Provider: autocert.ProviderLocal,
 			CertPath: mainCert,
 			KeyPath:  mainKey,
-			Extra: []autocert.Config{
+			Extra: []autocert.ConfigExtra{
 				{CertPath: extraCert1, KeyPath: extraKey1},
 			},
 		}
 
 		require.NoError(t, cfg.Validate())
 
-		p := autocert.NewProvider(cfg, nil, nil)
-		require.NoError(t, p.Setup())
+		p, err := autocert.NewProvider(cfg, nil, nil)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		err = p.LoadCert()
+		require.NoError(t, err)
 
 		cert, err := p.GetCert(&tls.ClientHelloInfo{ServerName: "foo.a.example.com"})
 		require.NoError(t, err)
@@ -292,8 +316,11 @@ func TestGetCertBySNI(t *testing.T) {
 
 		require.NoError(t, cfg.Validate())
 
-		p := autocert.NewProvider(cfg, nil, nil)
-		require.NoError(t, p.Setup())
+		p, err := autocert.NewProvider(cfg, nil, nil)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		err = p.LoadCert()
+		require.NoError(t, err)
 
 		cert, err := p.GetCert(&tls.ClientHelloInfo{ServerName: "bar.example.com"})
 		require.NoError(t, err)
@@ -317,7 +344,7 @@ func TestGetCertBySNI(t *testing.T) {
 			Provider: autocert.ProviderLocal,
 			CertPath: mainCert,
 			KeyPath:  mainKey,
-			Extra: []autocert.Config{
+			Extra: []autocert.ConfigExtra{
 				{CertPath: extraCert1, KeyPath: extraKey1},
 				{CertPath: extraCert2, KeyPath: extraKey2},
 			},
@@ -325,8 +352,11 @@ func TestGetCertBySNI(t *testing.T) {
 
 		require.NoError(t, cfg.Validate())
 
-		p := autocert.NewProvider(cfg, nil, nil)
-		require.NoError(t, p.Setup())
+		p, err := autocert.NewProvider(cfg, nil, nil)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		err = p.LoadCert()
+		require.NoError(t, err)
 
 		cert1, err := p.GetCert(&tls.ClientHelloInfo{ServerName: "foo.test.com"})
 		require.NoError(t, err)
@@ -352,15 +382,18 @@ func TestGetCertBySNI(t *testing.T) {
 			Provider: autocert.ProviderLocal,
 			CertPath: mainCert,
 			KeyPath:  mainKey,
-			Extra: []autocert.Config{
+			Extra: []autocert.ConfigExtra{
 				{CertPath: extraCert, KeyPath: extraKey},
 			},
 		}
 
 		require.NoError(t, cfg.Validate())
 
-		p := autocert.NewProvider(cfg, nil, nil)
-		require.NoError(t, p.Setup())
+		p, err := autocert.NewProvider(cfg, nil, nil)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		err = p.LoadCert()
+		require.NoError(t, err)
 
 		cert1, err := p.GetCert(&tls.ClientHelloInfo{ServerName: "foo.example.com"})
 		require.NoError(t, err)
diff --git a/internal/autocert/setup.go b/internal/autocert/setup.go
index e114be50..119a8759 100644
--- a/internal/autocert/setup.go
+++ b/internal/autocert/setup.go
@@ -1,101 +1,30 @@
 package autocert
 
 import (
-	"errors"
-	"fmt"
-	"os"
-
-	"github.com/rs/zerolog/log"
 	gperr "github.com/yusing/goutils/errs"
-	strutils "github.com/yusing/goutils/strings"
 )
 
-func (p *Provider) Setup() (err error) {
-	if err = p.LoadCert(); err != nil {
-		if !errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist) { // ignore if cert doesn't exist
-			return err
-		}
-		log.Debug().Msg("obtaining cert due to error loading cert")
-		if err = p.ObtainCert(); err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-	}
-
-	if err = p.setupExtraProviders(); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	for _, expiry := range p.GetExpiries() {
-		log.Info().Msg("certificate expire on " + strutils.FormatTime(expiry))
-		break
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
-
-func (p *Provider) setupExtraProviders() error {
-	p.extraProviders = nil
+func (p *Provider) setupExtraProviders() gperr.Error {
 	p.sniMatcher = sniMatcher{}
 	if len(p.cfg.Extra) == 0 {
-		p.rebuildSNIMatcher()
 		return nil
 	}
 
-	for i := range p.cfg.Extra {
-		merged := mergeExtraConfig(p.cfg, &p.cfg.Extra[i])
-		user, legoCfg, err := merged.GetLegoConfig()
+	p.extraProviders = make([]*Provider, 0, len(p.cfg.Extra))
+
+	errs := gperr.NewBuilder("setup extra providers error")
+	for _, extra := range p.cfg.Extra {
+		user, legoCfg, err := extra.AsConfig().GetLegoConfig()
 		if err != nil {
-			return err.Subjectf("extra[%d]", i)
+			errs.Add(p.fmtError(err))
+			continue
 		}
-		ep := NewProvider(&merged, user, legoCfg)
-		if err := ep.Setup(); err != nil {
-			return gperr.PrependSubject(fmt.Sprintf("extra[%d]", i), err)
+		ep, err := NewProvider(extra.AsConfig(), user, legoCfg)
+		if err != nil {
+			errs.Add(p.fmtError(err))
+			continue
 		}
 		p.extraProviders = append(p.extraProviders, ep)
 	}
-	p.rebuildSNIMatcher()
-	return nil
-}
-
-func mergeExtraConfig(mainCfg *Config, extraCfg *Config) Config {
-	merged := *mainCfg
-	merged.Extra = nil
-	merged.CertPath = extraCfg.CertPath
-	merged.KeyPath = extraCfg.KeyPath
-
-	if merged.Email == "" {
-		merged.Email = mainCfg.Email
-	}
-
-	if len(extraCfg.Domains) > 0 {
-		merged.Domains = extraCfg.Domains
-	}
-	if extraCfg.ACMEKeyPath != "" {
-		merged.ACMEKeyPath = extraCfg.ACMEKeyPath
-	}
-	if extraCfg.Provider != "" {
-		merged.Provider = extraCfg.Provider
-	}
-	if len(extraCfg.Options) > 0 {
-		merged.Options = extraCfg.Options
-	}
-	if len(extraCfg.Resolvers) > 0 {
-		merged.Resolvers = extraCfg.Resolvers
-	}
-	if extraCfg.CADirURL != "" {
-		merged.CADirURL = extraCfg.CADirURL
-	}
-	if len(extraCfg.CACerts) > 0 {
-		merged.CACerts = extraCfg.CACerts
-	}
-	if extraCfg.EABKid != "" {
-		merged.EABKid = extraCfg.EABKid
-	}
-	if extraCfg.EABHmac != "" {
-		merged.EABHmac = extraCfg.EABHmac
-	}
-	if extraCfg.HTTPClient != nil {
-		merged.HTTPClient = extraCfg.HTTPClient
-	}
-	return merged
+	return errs.Error()
 }
diff --git a/internal/autocert/setup_test.go b/internal/autocert/setup_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..335c2e57
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/autocert/setup_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+package autocert_test
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+	"github.com/yusing/godoxy/internal/autocert"
+	"github.com/yusing/godoxy/internal/dnsproviders"
+	"github.com/yusing/godoxy/internal/serialization"
+	strutils "github.com/yusing/goutils/strings"
+)
+
+func TestSetupExtraProviders(t *testing.T) {
+	dnsproviders.InitProviders()
+
+	cfgYAML := `
+email: test@example.com
+domains: [example.com]
+provider: custom
+ca_dir_url: https://ca.example.com:9000/acme/acme/directory
+cert_path: certs/test.crt
+key_path: certs/test.key
+options: {key: value}
+resolvers: [8.8.8.8]
+ca_certs: [ca.crt]
+eab_kid: eabKid
+eab_hmac: eabHmac
+extra:
+  - cert_path: certs/extra.crt
+    key_path: certs/extra.key
+  - cert_path: certs/extra2.crt
+    key_path: certs/extra2.key
+    email: override@example.com
+    provider: pseudo
+    domains: [override.com]
+    ca_dir_url: https://ca2.example.com/directory
+    options: {opt2: val2}
+    resolvers: [1.1.1.1]
+    ca_certs: [ca2.crt]
+    eab_kid: eabKid2
+    eab_hmac: eabHmac2
+`
+
+	var cfg autocert.Config
+	err := error(serialization.UnmarshalValidateYAML([]byte(cfgYAML), &cfg))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// Test: extra[0] inherits all fields from main except CertPath and KeyPath.
+	merged0 := cfg.Extra[0]
+	require.Equal(t, "certs/extra.crt", merged0.CertPath)
+	require.Equal(t, "certs/extra.key", merged0.KeyPath)
+	// Inherited fields from main config:
+	require.Equal(t, "test@example.com", merged0.Email)                             // inherited
+	require.Equal(t, "custom", merged0.Provider)                                    // inherited
+	require.Equal(t, []string{"example.com"}, merged0.Domains)                      // inherited
+	require.Equal(t, "https://ca.example.com:9000/acme/acme/directory", merged0.CADirURL) // inherited
+	require.Equal(t, map[string]strutils.Redacted{"key": "value"}, merged0.Options) // inherited
+	require.Equal(t, []string{"8.8.8.8"}, merged0.Resolvers)                        // inherited
+	require.Equal(t, []string{"ca.crt"}, merged0.CACerts)                           // inherited
+	require.Equal(t, "eabKid", merged0.EABKid)                                      // inherited
+	require.Equal(t, "eabHmac", merged0.EABHmac)                                    // inherited
+	require.Equal(t, cfg.HTTPClient, merged0.HTTPClient)                            // inherited
+	require.Nil(t, merged0.Extra)
+
+	// Test: extra[1] overrides some fields, and inherits others.
+	merged1 := cfg.Extra[1]
+	require.Equal(t, "certs/extra2.crt", merged1.CertPath)
+	require.Equal(t, "certs/extra2.key", merged1.KeyPath)
+	// Overridden fields:
+	require.Equal(t, "override@example.com", merged1.Email)                         // overridden
+	require.Equal(t, "pseudo", merged1.Provider)                                    // overridden
+	require.Equal(t, []string{"override.com"}, merged1.Domains)                     // overridden
+	require.Equal(t, "https://ca2.example.com/directory", merged1.CADirURL)         // overridden
+	require.Equal(t, map[string]strutils.Redacted{"opt2": "val2"}, merged1.Options) // overridden
+	require.Equal(t, []string{"1.1.1.1"}, merged1.Resolvers)                        // overridden
+	require.Equal(t, []string{"ca2.crt"}, merged1.CACerts)                          // overridden
+	require.Equal(t, "eabKid2", merged1.EABKid)                                     // overridden
+	require.Equal(t, "eabHmac2", merged1.EABHmac)                                   // overridden
+	// Inherited field:
+	require.Equal(t, cfg.HTTPClient, merged1.HTTPClient) // inherited
+	require.Nil(t, merged1.Extra)
+}
diff --git a/internal/autocert/types/provider.go b/internal/autocert/types/provider.go
index 69fdf918..64b95224 100644
--- a/internal/autocert/types/provider.go
+++ b/internal/autocert/types/provider.go
@@ -9,6 +9,6 @@ import (
 type Provider interface {
 	Setup() error
 	GetCert(*tls.ClientHelloInfo) (*tls.Certificate, error)
-	ScheduleRenewal(task.Parent)
-	ObtainCert() error
+	ScheduleRenewalAll(task.Parent)
+	ObtainCertAll() error
 }
diff --git a/internal/config/state.go b/internal/config/state.go
index bf3e027b..0586dca0 100644
--- a/internal/config/state.go
+++ b/internal/config/state.go
@@ -272,6 +272,7 @@ func (state *state) initAutoCert() error {
 	autocertCfg := state.AutoCert
 	if autocertCfg == nil {
 		autocertCfg = new(autocert.Config)
+		_ = autocertCfg.Validate()
 	}
 
 	user, legoCfg, err := autocertCfg.GetLegoConfig()
@@ -279,12 +280,19 @@ func (state *state) initAutoCert() error {
 		return err
 	}
 
-	state.autocertProvider = autocert.NewProvider(autocertCfg, user, legoCfg)
-	if err := state.autocertProvider.Setup(); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("autocert error: %w", err)
-	} else {
-		state.autocertProvider.ScheduleRenewal(state.task)
+	p, err := autocert.NewProvider(autocertCfg, user, legoCfg)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
 	}
+
+	if err := p.ObtainCertIfNotExistsAll(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	p.ScheduleRenewalAll(state.task)
+	p.PrintCertExpiriesAll()
+
+	state.autocertProvider = p
 	return nil
 }
 
diff --git a/internal/dnsproviders/dummy.go b/internal/dnsproviders/dummy.go
index 42ddb47a..999bf3c7 100644
--- a/internal/dnsproviders/dummy.go
+++ b/internal/dnsproviders/dummy.go
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 package dnsproviders
 
 type (
-	DummyConfig   struct{}
+	DummyConfig   map[string]any
 	DummyProvider struct{}
 )