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<h2>Licenses</h2>
<p>
Published software should be <a href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html">free
software</a>. To make it free software, you need to release it
under a free software license. We normally use the <a
href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/#GPL">GNU General Public License</a> (GNU GPL),
but occasionally we use <a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/license-list.html#SoftwareLicenses">other
free software licenses</a>. We use only licenses that are compatible
with the GNU GPL for GNU software.
</p>
<p>
Documentation for free software should be
<a href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-doc.html">free documentation</a>, so that
people can redistribute it and improve it along with the software
it describes. To make it free documentation, you need to release
it under a free documentation license. We normally use the
<a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/#FDL">GNU Free Documentation License</a> (GNU
FDL), but occasionally we use
<a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/license-list.html#DocumentationLicenses">other free
documentation licenses</a>.
</p>
<p>If you've started a new project and you're not sure what license to
use, <a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/license-recommendations.html">&ldquo;How to
choose a license for your own work&rdquo;</a> details our
recommendations in an easy-to-follow guide. If you just want a quick
list reference, we have a page that names
our <a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/recommended-copylefts.html">recommended
copyleft licenses</a>.</p>
<p>We also have a page that discusses <a href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/bsd.html">the BSD License Problem</a>.</p>
<p>
Our documentation licenses are currently being revised, and we welcome
your comments on the proposed texts. Please
visit <a href="http://gplv3.fsf.org">our license update site</a> to
read the current drafts and participate in the process.
</p>
<h3>Common Resources for our Software Licenses</h3>
<p>We have a number of resources to help people understand and use our
various licenses:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-faq.html">Frequently Asked
Questions about the GNU licenses</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-howto.html">How to use GNU licenses for your
own software</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-violation.html">What to do if you see a
violation of a GNU license</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/license-list.html">List of Free Software Licenses</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/university.html">Releasing Free Software if
you work at a university</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/why-assign.html">Why the FSF gets copyright
assignments from contributors</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.gnu.org/graphics/license-logos.html">GNU license logos</a> to use
with your project</li>
<li><a href="http://www.fsf.org/licensing">The FSF Licensing &amp; Compliance Lab</a></li>
<li><a
href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/license-list.html#LicensingEmailAddress">&lt;licensing@fsf.org&gt;</a> for general licensing help
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="GPL">The GNU General Public License</h3>
<p>
The GNU General Public License is often called the GNU GPL for short;
it is used by most GNU programs, and by more than half of all free
software packages. The latest version is version 3.
</p>
<ul>
<li>The GNU General Public License is available in these formats:
<a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html">HTML</a>,
<a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.txt">plain text</a>,
<a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.odt">ODF</a>,
<a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.dbk">Docbook</a>,
<a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.texi">Texinfo</a>, and
<a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.tex">LaTeX</a>.
These documents are not formatted for standalone publishing, and
are intended to be included in another document.</li>
<li><a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/quick-guide-gplv3.html">A Quick Guide to
GPLv3</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/old-licenses/old-licenses.html#GPL">Older
versions of the GNU GPL</a></li>
</ul>
<h3 id="LGPL">The GNU Lesser General Public License</h3>
<p>
The GNU Lesser General Public License is used by a few (not by any means
all) GNU libraries. The latest version is version 3.
</p>
<ul>
<li>The GNU Lesser General Public License text is available in
these formats:
<a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl.html">HTML</a>,
<a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl.txt">plain text</a>,
<a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl.dbk">Docbook</a>, and
<a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl.texi">Texinfo</a>.
These documents are not formatted for standalone publishing, and
are intended to be included in another document.</li>
<li><a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/why-not-lgpl.html">Why you shouldn't use
the Lesser GPL for your next library</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/old-licenses/old-licenses.html#LGPL">Older
versions of the GNU LGPL</a></li>
</ul>
<h3 id="AGPL">The GNU Affero General Public License</h3>
<p>
The GNU Affero General Public License is based on the GNU GPL, but has an
additional term to allow users who interact with the licensed software over
a network to receive the source for that program. We recommend that people
consider using the GNU AGPL for any software which will commonly be run
over a network. The latest version is version 3.
</p>
<ul>
<li>The GNU Affero General Public License text is available in
these formats:
<a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/agpl.html">HTML</a>,
<a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/agpl.txt">plain text</a>,
<a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/agpl.dbk">Docbook</a>,
<a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/agpl.texi">Texinfo</a>, and
<a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/agpl.tex">LaTeX</a>.
These documents are not formatted for standalone publishing, and
are intended to be included in another document.</li>
<li><a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/why-affero-gpl.html">Why the Affero GPL</a></li>
</ul>
<h3 id="FDL">The GNU Free Documentation License</h3>
<p>
The GNU Free Documentation License is a form of copyleft intended
for use on a manual, textbook or other document to assure everyone
the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without
modifications, either commercially or non-commercially. The latest version
is 1.3.
</p>
<ul>
<li>The GNU Free Documentation License text is available in these formats:
<a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl.html">HTML</a>,
<a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl.txt">plain text</a>,
<a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl.xml">Docbook</a>,
<a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl.texi">Texinfo</a>, and
<a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl.tex">LaTeX</a>.
These documents are not formatted for standalone publishing, and
are intended to be included in another document.</li>
<li><a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/why-gfdl.html">Why publishers should use
the GNU FDL</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl.html#addendum">How to use
the GNU FDL for your documentation</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl-howto.html">Tips on using the GNU FDL</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl-howto-opt.html">How to use the optional
features of the GNU FDL</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/old-licenses/old-licenses.html#FDL">
Older versions of the GNU FDL</a></li>
</ul>
<h3 id="Exceptions">Exceptions to GNU Licenses</h3>
<p>Some GNU programs have additional permissions or special exceptions
to specific terms in one of the main licenses. Since some of those
are commonly used or inspire a lot of questions on their own, we've
started collecting them on
our <a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/exceptions.html">exceptions page</a>.</p>
<h3 id="LicenseURLs">License URLs</h3>
<p>When linking to our licenses, it's usually best to link to the latest
version; hence the standard URLs such as
<tt>http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html</tt> have no version number.
Occasionally, however, you may want to link to a specific version of a
given license. In those situations, you can use the following links
[<a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/#urlskip">skip links</a>]:</p>
<dl>
<dt>GNU General Public License (GPL)</dt>
<!-- Please keep these links absolute. I'm depending on that for the
XSLT to generate pages on fsf.org. Thanks. -brett -->
<dd><a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.html">GPLv3</a>,
<a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-2.0.html">GPLv2</a>,
<a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-1.0.html">GPLv1</a></dd>
<dt>GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL)</dt>
<dd><a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl-3.0.html">LGPLv3</a>,
<a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl-2.1.html">LGPLv2.1</a></dd>
<dt>GNU Affero General Public License (AGPL)</dt>
<dd><a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/agpl-3.0.html">GNU
AGPLv3</a> (The <a
href="http://www.affero.org/oagpl.html">Affero General
Public License version 1</a> is not a GNU license, but it was
designed to serve a purpose much like the GNU AGPL's.)</dd>
<dt>GNU Free Documentation License (FDL)</dt>
<dd><a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl-1.3.html">FDLv1.3</a>,
<a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl-1.2.html">FDLv1.2</a>,
<a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl-1.1.html">FDLv1.1</a></dd>
</dl>
<p><a name="urlskip"></a>Stable links to each license's alternative
formats are available on its respective page. Not every version of
every license is available in every format. If you need one that is
missing, please <a href="mailto:licensing@gnu.org">email us</a>.</p>
<p>See also the <a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/old-licenses/">old licenses page</a>.</p>
<h3>Unofficial Translations</h3>
<p>
Legally speaking, the original (English) version of the licenses is what
specifies the actual distribution terms for GNU programs and others that
use them. But to help people better understand the licenses, we give
permission to publish translations into other languages provided that
they follow our regulations for unofficial translations:
</p>
<ul>
<li>
<a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/translations.html">List of unofficial translations</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/translations.html#rules">How to create an unofficial
translation</a></li>
</ul>
<h3 id="VerbatimCopying">Verbatim Copying and Distribution</h3>
<p>The standard copyright terms for GNU web pages is now the <a
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative
Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>. It used to
be (and for a few pages still is): <em><span class="highlight">Verbatim
copying and distribution of this entire article are permitted worldwide,
without royalty, in any medium, provided this notice is
preserved</span>.</em> Please note the following commentary about this
&ldquo;verbatim license&rdquo; by Eben Moglen:</p>
<p>
&ldquo;Our intention in using the phrase &lsquo;verbatim copying in
any medium&rsquo; is not to require retention of page headings and
footers or other formatting features. Retention of weblinks in both
hyperlinked and non-hyperlinked media (as notes or some other form of
printed URL in non-HTML media) is required&rdquo;.
</p>
<h3>List of Free Software Licenses</h3>
<ul>
<li>
<a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/license-list.html">List of Free Software Licenses</a>
<p> If you are contemplating writing a new license, please contact the
FSF by writing to <a
href="mailto:licensing@fsf.org">&lt;licensing@fsf.org&gt;</a>. The
proliferation of different free software licenses means increased work
for users in understanding the licenses; we may be able to help you
find an existing Free Software license that meets your needs.
</p>
<p>
If that isn't possible, if you really need a new license, with our
help you can ensure that the license really is a Free Software license
and avoid various practical problems.
</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="WhatIsCopyleft">What Is Copyleft?</h3>
<p>
<a href="http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/copyleft.html"><em>Copyleft</em></a> is a general
method for making a program free
software and requiring all modified and extended versions of the
program to be free software as well.
</p>
<p>
The simplest way to make a program free is to put it in the
<a href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/categories.html#PublicDomainSoftware">public
domain</a>, uncopyrighted. This allows people to share the program
and their improvements, if they are so minded. But it also allows
uncooperative people to convert the program into
<a href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/categories.html#ProprietarySoftware">proprietary
software</a>. They can make changes, many or few, and distribute the
result as a proprietary product. People who receive the program in
that modified form do not have the freedom that the original author
gave them; the middleman has stripped it away.
</p>
<p>
In the <a href="http://www.gnu.org/gnu/thegnuproject.html">GNU project</a>, our aim is
to give <em>all</em> users the freedom to redistribute and change GNU
software. If middlemen could strip off the freedom, we might have
many users, but those users would not have freedom. So instead of
putting GNU software in the public domain, we &ldquo;copyleft&rdquo;
it. Copyleft says that anyone who redistributes the software, with or
without changes, must pass along the freedom to further copy and
change it. Copyleft guarantees that every user has freedom.
</p>
<p>
Copyleft also provides an
<a href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/pragmatic.html">incentive</a>
for other programmers to add to free software.
Important free programs such as the GNU C++ compiler exist
only because of this.
</p>
<p>
Copyleft also helps programmers who want to contribute
<a href="http://www.gnu.org/software/software.html#HelpWriteSoftware">improvements</a> to
<a href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html">free software</a> get permission to
do that. These programmers often work for companies or universities
that would do almost anything to get more money. A programmer may
want to contribute her changes to the community, but her employer may
want to turn the changes into a proprietary software product.
</p>
<p>
When we explain to the employer that it is illegal to distribute the
improved version except as free software, the employer usually decides
to release it as free software rather than throw it away.
</p>
<p>
To copyleft a program, we first state that it is copyrighted; then
we add distribution terms, which are a legal instrument that gives
everyone the rights to use, modify, and redistribute the program's
code <em>or any program derived from it</em> but only if the
distribution terms are unchanged. Thus, the code and the freedoms
become legally inseparable.
</p>
<p>
Proprietary software developers use copyright to take away the users'
freedom; we use copyright to guarantee their freedom. That's why we
reverse the name, changing &ldquo;copyright&rdquo; into
&ldquo;copyleft&rdquo;.
</p>
<p>
Copyleft is a general concept; there are many ways to fill in the
details. In the GNU Project, the specific distribution terms that we
use are contained in the GNU General Public License, the GNU Lesser
General Public License and the GNU Free Documentation License.
</p>
<p>
The appropriate license is included in many manuals and in each GNU
source code distribution.
</p>
<p>
The GNU GPL is designed so that you can easily apply it to your own
program if you are the copyright holder. You don't have to modify the
GNU GPL to do this, just add notices to your program which refer
properly to the GNU GPL. Please note that you must use the
entire text of the GPL, if you use it. It is an integral whole, and
partial copies are not permitted. (Likewise for the LGPL, AGPL, and FDL.)
</p>
<p>
Using the same distribution terms for many different programs makes it
easy to copy code between various different programs. Since they all
have the same distribution terms, there is no need to think about
whether the terms are compatible. The Lesser GPL includes a
provision that lets you alter the distribution terms to the ordinary
GPL, so that you can copy code into another program covered by the GPL.
</p>
<h3>Licenses for Other Types of Works</h3>
<p>
We believe that published software and documentation should be
<a href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-doc.html">free software and free documentation</a>.
We recommend making all sorts of educational and reference works free
also, using free documentation licenses such as the
<a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/#FDL">GNU Free Documentation License</a> (GNU FDL).
</p>
<p>For essays of opinion and scientific papers, we recommend
either the <a
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative
Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>, or the
simple &ldquo;verbatim copying only&rdquo; license stated above.</p>
<p>
We don't take the position that artistic or entertainment works must
be free, but if you want to make one free, we recommend
the <a href="http://artlibre.org/licence/lalgb.html">Free Art
License</a>.</p>
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